Organic Chemistry Flashcards
It is the study of carbon and its compound.
Organic Chemistry
It is the discipline that studies the chemistry of life, and its objective is to explain form and function based on chemical principles.
Biochemistry
Types of carbon compounds in organisms include (aka macromolecules):
- proteins
- lipids
- carbohydrates
- nucleic acids
The carbon atom has unique properties that allow it to form ________________ to as many as four different atoms, making this versatile element ideal to serve as the basic structural component, or _______________of the macromolecules.
covalent bonds, “backbone”
Individual carbon atoms have an incomplete outermost electron shell. With an atomic number of _____, the first two electrons fill the inner shell, leaving four in the second shell.
six
Carbon atoms can form up to ______ covalent bonds with other atoms to satisfy the octet rule
four
In 1874, ___________________ and ____________________ proposed that the four bonds of carbon have specific spatial directions.
Jocobus Van’t Hoff, Joseph Le Bel
Van’t Hoff also suggested that the four atoms connected to a carbon atom are located at the corners of a regular ___________, with carbon at the center.
tetrahedron
Tetrahedral carbon atoms are commonly found in organic molecules, such as __________, where each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms with single bonds.
alkanes
A molecule is said to be stable if a _____________________ is achieved for all atoms, which means eight dots (octet) for main-group atoms or two dots for hydrogen.
noble-gas configuration
A ____________________ of an atom consists of the elemental symbol of the last noble gas prior to that atom, followed by the configuration of the remaining electrons.
noble-gas configuration
These are formed by sharing of electrons between two or more atoms. These bonds are usually formed between nonmetals or between two similar atoms.
Covalent bonds
Why does covalent bond occurs?
in order to gain more stability, which is gained by forming a full electron shell.
What is the electronegativity trend in the periodic table?
Electronegativity increases from left to right and bottom to top.
When two atoms of different electronegativities formed a covalent bond, which has an unequal sharing of
electrons, it is called a _________________.
polar bond
It is a way of indicating the covalent bonds in molecules where the valence-shell electrons of an atom are represented as dots.
Lewis structures or electron-dot structures
normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons.
Carbon
normally forms three covalent bonds and has one unshared pair of electrons.
Nitrogen
normally forms two covalent bonds and has two unshared pair of electrons.
Oxygen
normally forms one covalent bond and has no unshared pairs of electrons.
Hydrogen
normally forms one covalent bond and has three unshared pairs of elections.
Halogen
an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of predictable physical and chemical properties.
Functional group
They affect the polarity of a compound, and therefore determine the intermolecular forces it exhibits.
Functional groups
(Naming) 1 Carbon atom
meth-
(Naming) 2 Carbon atoms
eth-
(Naming) 3 Carbon atoms
prop-
(Naming) 4 Carbon atoms
but-
(Naming) 5 Carbon atoms
pent-
(Naming) 6 Carbon atoms
hex-
(Naming) 7 Carbon atoms
hept-
(Naming) 8 Carbon atoms
oct-
(Naming) 9 Carbon atoms
non-
(Naming) 10 Carbon atoms
dec-
