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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

the study of molecules containing carbon

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2
Q

what is the homologous?
What serieis do you need to know?

A

These series (families) of molecules that have a similar carbon structures and properties.
The two series are alkanes and alkenes

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3
Q

Alkanes and Alkenes contain which elements only?

A

hydrogen and carbon and this makes them hydrocarbons.

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4
Q

What do many hydrocarbons come from?

A

crude oil

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5
Q

What makes crude oil?

A

it is a mixture of liqud hydrocarbons with other gases and solid hydrocarbons disolved in it.

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6
Q

Crude Oild is finite, what does this mean?

A

there is only a limited amount of it
it cannot be quickly replaced
someday it will run out

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7
Q

How was crude oil formed?

A

Over millions of years by the action of heat and pressure on dead plants and animals.

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8
Q

How could we increase the supply of crude oil?

A

Improved extraction would allow more oil to be taken from existing reserves.
Methods of detecting oil is becmoing better
Reducing the amount of crude oil we use, example electic cars

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9
Q

How do we seperate oil?

A
  • Fractional distillation
  • Heat until it becomes a gas this is caught by a steel tower.
  • The top of the tower is coolest the bottom is hottest
  • As the gas moves up the tower some gases condense to form liquid.
  • The different liquids form different levels because they have different boiling points and are collecting sepratley
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10
Q

Why would you use fractional distillation to separate a mixture?

A

Each element in the mixture, will have a different boiling point

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11
Q

What is the mixture of solids disovled in crude oil called?

A

tar or bitumen

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12
Q

What happens to the gasses that are part of crude oil?

A

They do not condense, the come out of the top and are called refinery gases.

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13
Q

Where does the tar(bitumen) come out of the tower?

A

It comes out of the bottom as these are solids.

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14
Q

refienry gases, petrol, naptha, paffine, diesl oil, fuel oil, tar

What are the different simpler mixtures that franctional distilliation create called?

Simpler Mixtures above

A

fractions

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15
Q

What are the name of Alkanes

A

methane
ethane
propane
butane

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16
Q

How many carbon and hydrogen atoms does methane have?

A

CH4

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17
Q

How many carbon and hydrogen atoms does ethane have?

A

C2H6

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18
Q

How many carbon and hydrogen atoms does propane have?

A

C3h8

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19
Q

How many carbon and hydrogen atoms does butane have?

A

C4H10

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20
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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21
Q

How is methane structured?

A

H
|
H-C-H
|
H

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22
Q

How is ethane structured?

A

H H
H-C-C-H
| |
H H

|

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23
Q

How is propane structured

A

H H H
H-C-C-C-H
H H H

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24
Q

How is butane structured

A

H H H H
H-C-C-C-C-H
H H H H

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25
Q

What happens when you burn a hydrocarbon?

A

They undergo combustion
when a hydrocarbon has a plentiful supply of oxygen then the hydrogen reacts with the oxygen to form water.
The carbon reacts with the oxygen to form carbon-dixoide

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26
Q

What is formed when you burn (combust) a hydrocarbon with a plentiful supply oxygen?

A
  • hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water (H2O)
  • carbon and oxygen comtine to form carbon dixoide (C20)
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27
Q

What is it called when you burn hydrocarbon and oxygen together?

A

complete combustion

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28
Q

If you burn a hydrocarbon with a limited supply of oxygen what is produced instead of carbon dioxide?

A

carbon monoxide
This is called incomple combustion

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29
Q

What is the word equation when you burn methan with oxygen

A

methane->oxygen->carbon dixoide->Water

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30
Q

how do you write a balanced symbol equation for methane?

A

Step1:
methane->oxygen->carbon dioxide->Water
ch4+ o2->co2+h2o
Step 2: Calculate the carbon balancing number (this is the number of carbon atoms in the ethane) which is 1.
You put this infront of the co2 = co2
ch4 + o2-> co2+h2o
Step 3: Calculate the balancing number of hydrogen atoms. You take the number of hydrogen atoms in methan and divide by 2 which is 4/2=2
You put this infront of the h2o = 2h2o
c3h6 + o2 -> co2+2h2o
Step 4: Calculate the balancing atoms of oxygen.
There are 2 o atoms in co2 and 2 in 2h2o so there are 4 o atoms in total. You divide the total 4 by 2 which is 2.
c3h6 + 2o2 -> co2 + 2h2o

31
Q

how do you write a balanced symbol equation for ethane?

A

Step1:
butane->oxygen->carbon dioxide->Water
c3h6+ o2->co2+h2o
Step 2: Calculate the carbon balancing number (this is the number of carbon atoms in the ethane) which is 3.
You put this infront of the co2 = 3co2
c3h6 + o2-> 3co2+h2o
Step 3: Calculate the balancing number of hydrogen atoms. You take the number of hydrogen atoms in methan and divide by 2 which is 6/2=3
You put this infront of the h2o = 3h2o
c3h6 + o2 -> 3co2+3h2o
Step 4: Calculate the balancing atoms of oxygen.
There are 6 o atoms in 3co2 and 3 in 3h2o so there are 9 o atoms in total. You divide the total 9 by 2 which is 4.5.
c3h6 + 4.5o2 -> 3co2 + 3h2o
Step 5: whole number balancing should be used so we multiply all numbers by 2.
c3h6 + 9o2 -> 6o2+ 6h2o

32
Q

how do you write a balanced symbol equation for butane?

A

Step1:
butane->oxygen->carbon dioxide->Water
c4h10+ o2->co2+h2o
Step 2: Calculate the carbon balancing number (this is the number of carbon atoms in the ethane) which is 2.
You put this infront of the co2 = 4co2
c4h10 + o2-> 4co2+h2o
Step 3: Calculate the balancing number of hydrogen atoms. You take the number of hydrogen atoms in methan and divide by 2 which is 10=5
You put this infront of the h2o = 5h2o
c4h10 + o2 -> 4co2+5h2o
Step 4: Calculate the balancing atoms of oxygen.
There are 8 o atoms in 4co2 and 5 in 5h2o so there are 13 o atoms in total. You divide the total 13 by 2 which is 6.5.
c4h10 + 6.5o2 -> 4co2 + 5h2o
Step 5: whole number balancing should be used so we multiply all numbers by 2.
c4h10 + 13o2 -> 8co2+ 10h2o

33
Q

how do you write a balanced symbol equation for propane?

A

Step1:
propane->oxygen->carbon dioxide->Water
c3h8+ o2->co2+h2o
Step 2: Calculate the carbon balancing number (this is the number of carbon atoms in the ethane) which is 3.
You put this infront of the co2 = 3co2
c3h8 + o2-> 3co2+h2o
Step 3: Calculate the balancing number of hydrogen atoms. You take the number of hydrogen atoms in methan and divide by 2 which is 8/2=4
You put this infront of the h2o = 4h2o
c3h8 + o2 -> 3co2+4h2o
Step 4: Calculate the balancing atoms of oxygen.
There are 6 o atoms in 3co2 and 4 in 4h2o so there are 10 o atoms in total. You divide the total 10 by 2 which is 5.
c3h8 + 5o2 -> 3co2 + 4h2o

34
Q

Define a hydrocarbon?

A

Only has the elements hydrogen and carbon.

35
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

36
Q

Write a word equation for the combustion of methane?

A

methane+oxygen->carbon dioxide+water

37
Q

Write a symbol equation for the combustion of methane?

A

ch4 + o2 -> co2 + h2o

38
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

39
Q

What is the formula for ethene?

A

c2h4

40
Q

Draw structural formula of ethene

A

H H
C=C
H H

41
Q

What is the molecular formula of propene?

A

c3h6

42
Q

Draw the structural formula for propene

A

H H
C=C-C-H
| |
H H H

43
Q

What is the molecular formula for butene?

A

c4h8

44
Q

Draw the structural formula for butene

A

H H H H
H-C-C- C=C
H H H

45
Q

Write the word equation for the burning of ethene?

A

ethene + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

46
Q

Write the balanaced symbol equations for combustion reactions of the alkene ethene

A

Step1:
ethene->oxygen->carbon dioxide->Water
c2h4+ o2->co2+h2o
Step 2: Calculate the carbon balancing number (this is the number of carbon atoms in the ethane) which is 2.
You put this infront of the co2 = 2co2
c2h4 + o2-> 2co2+h2o
Step 3: Calculate the balancing number of hydrogen atoms. You take the number of hydrogen atoms in ethene and divide by 2 which is 4/2=2
You put this infront of the h2o = 2h2o
c2h4 + o2 -> 2co2+2h2o
Step 4: Calculate the balancing atoms of oxygen.
There are 4 o atoms in 2co2 and 2 in 2h2o so there are 6 o atoms in total. You divide the total 6 by 2 which is 3.
c2h4+ 3o2 -> 2co2 + 2h2o

47
Q

Write the balanaced symbol equations for combustion reactions of the alkene propene

A

Step1:
propene->oxygen->carbon dioxide->Water
c3h6+ o2->co2+h2o
Step 2: Calculate the carbon balancing number (this is the number of carbon atoms in the ethane) which is 3.
You put this infront of the co2 = 3co2
c3h6 + o2-> 3co2+h2o
Step 3: Calculate the balancing number of hydrogen atoms. You take the number of hydrogen atoms in ethene and divide by 2 which is 6/2=3
You put this infront of the h2o = 2h2o
c3h6 + o2 -> 3co2+3h2o
Step 4: Calculate the balancing atoms of oxygen.
There are 6 o atoms in 2co2 and 3 in 2h2o so there are 9 o atoms in total. You divide the total 4.5 by 2 which is 3.
c3h6+ 4.5o2 -> 3co2 + 3h2o
Step 5: whole number balancing should be used so we multiply all numbers by 2.
c3h6 + 9o2 -> 6co2+ 6h2o

48
Q

Write the balanaced symbol equations for combustion reactions of the alkene butene

A

Step1:
ethene->oxygen->carbon dioxide->Water
c4h8+ o2->co2+h2o
Step 2: Calculate the carbon balancing number (this is the number of carbon atoms in the ethane) which is 4.
You put this infront of the co2 = 4co2
c4h8 + o2-> 4co2+h2o
Step 3: Calculate the balancing number of hydrogen atoms. You take the number of hydrogen atoms in ethene and divide by 2 which is 8/2=4
You put this infront of the h2o = 2h2o
c4h8 + o2 -> 4co2+4h2o
Step 4: Calculate the balancing atoms of oxygen.
There are 8 o atoms in 2co2 and 4 in 2h2o so there are 12 o atoms in total. You divide the total 12 by 2 which is 6.
c4h8+ 6o2 -> 4co2 + 4h2o

49
Q

Name a green house gas?

A

carbon dioxide

50
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

Carbon dioxide builds up in the atmosphere forming a blanket like layer.
When radiation(heat) from the sun travels to the earth some is absorbed and other is reflected back into the atmosphere.
Some of the reflected heat goes to space but some comes back to earth from the carbon dioxide blanket.

51
Q

What other gasses other than carbon dioxide cause the greenhouse effect?

A

methane and water vapour.

52
Q

What is global warming?

A

when carbon dioxide other other gases get trapped in the earths atmosphere and cause the suns heat to be caught in the earth.

53
Q

What is the effect of global warming?

A

climate change - more weather extremes storms, floods, droughts
Polar ice caps melt
increased flooding
increased spread of tropical diseases

54
Q

How can we reduce global warming?

A

plant more tree’s - change carbon dioxide into oxygen.
reduce deforestation - more trees
burn less fossil fuels use alternatives wind, solar
be more efficient - turn off lights, turn down heating temp,

55
Q

What is the difference between alkane and an alkene

A

An alkene has a single double covalent bond.

56
Q

State two negative effects of global warming?

A

flooding
extinction of animals like the polar bear.

57
Q

What is a polymer?

A

is a chain of small molecules that are joined or bonded together.
The small molecules are called monomers.

58
Q

What is the process of joining monomers together to create polymers called?

A

polymerisation

59
Q

What is an example of a polymer?

A

plastic

60
Q

What are monomers for plastic made of?

A

crude oil

61
Q

What is polythene made of?

A

ethene

62
Q

Give an example of polymerisation?

A

Addition polymerisation

Do not call it additional as this will not get marks.

63
Q

Explain the process of addition polymerisation?

A

The monomers must have a carbon-carbon double bond (alkene)
The monomers just add together

Many ethene molecules can be joined together to form polythene. (plastic bags etc).
This is done using high temps and high pressure.
This will open the double carbon bond and allow the ehtene monomers to join together.

64
Q

What is the symbol equation for polythene?

A

H H H H H H H H H
| | | | | | | | | | |
-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-
| | | | | | | | | | |
h h h h h h h h h h

65
Q

What is difference between ethene and Chlorothene

A

One of the hydrogen atoms is replacd with a chlorine atom.
Cl H
| |
C = C
| |
H H

clc2h3

66
Q

Draw a polyvinyal chloride polymer?

This is two or more chlorothene molecules joined together

A

Cl H
| |
C-C
| |
H H

67
Q

What does biodegradable means?

A

The object will decompose and breakdown.

68
Q

What does non-biodegradable mean?

A

This is something that cannot break down, example plastic but it will take many years.

69
Q

What is the advantage of disposing of polymers in landfill?

A

It is convenient
Any type of waste can be disposed of.

70
Q

What are the disadvantages of disposing of polymers in landfill?

A

Requires lots of space and we are running out of space.
As waste decomposes foul smelling liquid and gasses are produced that can run into the ground and cause the water supply to be contaiminated.

71
Q

What are the advantages of disposing of polymers by incineration?

A

Quick and doesn’t take up lots of land

72
Q

What are the disadvantages of disposing of polymers by incineration?

A

carbon-dioxide is produced and this contributes to global warming.

73
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

By dead plants and animals over millions of years.
Heat and pressure causes these to turn to crude oil.

74
Q

What is the name of the seperation process used to get petrol?

A

fractional distilliation

Chemistry (5 decks)

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