Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three fossil fuels.

A

coal, natural gas and petroleum

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2
Q

What is the main constituent of natural gas?

A

methane

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3
Q

Define the term ‘hydrocarbon’.

A

Compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only

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4
Q

What process is used to separate petroleum into its fractions?

A

Fractional distillation

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5
Q

What is petroleum?

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons

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6
Q

What is a fraction?

A

a group of hydrocarbons with similar chain lengths

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7
Q

What are features of fractions obtained from petroleum at the top of the fractionating column?

A
  • lower boiling points - runny- volatile- smaller chain length
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8
Q

What are features of fractions obtained from petroleum at the bottom of the fractionating column?

A
  • higher boiling points- viscous- low volatility- bigger chain length
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9
Q

What is the order of the fractions, from the smallest chain to the largest?

A

refinery gas, gasoline, naphtha, paraffin, diesel oil , fuel oil , lubricating fraction, bitumen

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10
Q

What is the use of refinery gas?

A

heating and cooking

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11
Q

What is the use of gasoline?

A

fuel in cars

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12
Q

What is the use of naphtha?

A

chemical feedstock

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13
Q

What is the use of paraffin?

A

jet fuel

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14
Q

What is the use of diesel oil?

A

fuel used in diesel engines

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15
Q

What is the use of fuel oil?

A

fuel in ships and home heating systems

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16
Q

What is the use of lubricating oil?

A

for lubricants, waxes and polishes

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17
Q

What is the use of bitumen?

A

making roads

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18
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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19
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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20
Q

What is a functional group?

A

an atom or a group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a homologous series

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21
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

an unambiguous description of the way atoms in a molecule are arranged

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22
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae

23
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

a family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group

24
Q

What is a saturated compound?

A

contains molecules containing only C-C single bonds

25
What is an unsaturated compound?
contains molecules containing at least one C-C double + bond
26
What are the general characteristics of a homologous series?
- have the same functional group- have the same general formula- trend in physical properties- similar chemical properties
27
How is the bonding in alkanes?
single covalentsaturated hydrocarbons
28
Are alkanes reactive or unreactive?
generally unreactive, except in combustion and with halogens in UV light
29
What happens in a substitution reaction?
one atom/group of atoms is replaced by another atom/group of atoms
30
What type of reaction is the reaction between alkanes and chlorine?
substitution + photochemical
31
What is the condition necessary for alkanes to react with chlorine? Why?
UV light, it gives the activation energy
32
How is the bonding in alkenes?
contains a covalent carbon-carbon double bondunsaturated hydrocarbons
33
Why is cracking used?
-because long chain alkanes can be turned into more useful short chain alkanes (can be used for fuels)-alkenes produced can be used to make polymers (plastic)
34
What happens when an alkene comes into contact with aqueous bromine? How does this differ from an alkane's reaction with aqueous bromine?
alkene - decolorises aqueous brominealkane - no difference
35
How many products are formed in an addition reaction?
ONLY one
36
What type of reaction do alkenes undergo?
addition
37
What happens in a reaction between an alkene and hydrogen?
the product becomes an alkene, with the same number of carbon atoms than before but different number of hydrogen atoms
38
What is necessary for an alkene to react with hydrogen?
nickel + 200ºC
39
What happens when an alkene reacts with steam?
it forms an alcohol
40
What is necessary for an alkene to react with steam?
300ºC + phosphoric acid
41
What conditions are necessary for cracking?
high temperaturecatalyst - either ceramic or aluminium oxide
42
What is produced in cracking?
shorter chain alkanes and alkenes (more useful)
43
What type of reactions do alkanes undergo?
substitution reactions
44
Which hydrocarbons are more volatile? At the top or bottom of the fractionating column?
more volatile if higher up the fractionating columnthe smaller the molecule, the more volatile
45
State in order the prefixes of alkanes and alkenes according to the number of carbon atoms.
1. meth-2. eth-3. prop-4. but-5. pent-6. hex-7. hept-8. oct-
46
Which hydrocarbons are more viscous? At the top or bottom of the fractionating column?
the larger the molecule, the more viscous
47
word equation for combustion
fuel (hydrocarbon) + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
48
word equation for combustion
fuel (hydrocarbon) + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
49
what is combustion
burning
50
when does incomplete combustion occur?
when there is a shortage of oxygen
51
what is formed as result of incomplete combustion? Why is it dangerous?
carbon monoxide (colorless odorless gas) and/ or soot. carbon monoxide is dangerous as it binds irreversebly to haemoglobin, reducing its ability to carry oxygen
52
what are the possibilities of products in cracking
- alkene + hydrogen- alkene + alkane- alkane + alkene + alkane
53
word equation for incomplete combustion
fuel + oxygen -> carbon monoxide + water
54
process of fractional distillation (so para annuca - mari ignora esse card)
- The boiling crude oil is transferred into a large fractioning column- The lighter gaseous hydrocarbon rises the column- When gaseous hydrocarbon rises the column, it starts to cool, and when the temperature reaches below boiling points, it is converted to a liquid state.