ionic and covalent bonding

Question 1

how is the formation of positive ions

Answer 1

A metal atom always loses electrons to obtain a full outermost shell of electrons. In doing so, it ends up with more positive protons than negative electrons. This means that the overall charge on the particle becomes positive. As the particle is no longer neutral, we no longer call it an atom; we now call it an ion. Positive ions are called cations.

Question 2

how do negative ions form

Answer 2

When non-metals gain electrons to become ions, the ending of their names also changes forming a anion

Question 3

what is ionic bonding

Answer 3

ionic bonding is a giant lattice of strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. between metals and non metals

Question 4

what are the properties of ionic bonds

Answer 4

high melting points- requires a lot of energy to break bonds
good electrical conductivity when aqueous or molten and poor when solid

Question 5

how does a covalent bond form

Answer 5

is formed when a pair of electrons is shared between two atoms leading to noble gas electronic configurations.

Question 6

what is an ion

Answer 6

is an atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative charge

Question 7

relationship between group number and charge of ion

Answer 7

firstly all metals have a positive charge
group 1- +1
group 2- +2
transtion metals- changes
group 3- +3 (only aluminium and galium)
group 4- transtion metals
group 5- -3
group 6- -2
group 7- -1
group 8- 0

Question 8

properties of simple covalent

Answer 8

low melting and boiling points because attraction between molecules is low, doesnt take lots of energy to break up lattice, weak intermolecular forces
insoluble in water
donot conduct electricity because they are no charge particles

Question 9

describe giant covalent strucutres and give examples

Answer 9

structure made up of millions of atoms joined together by strong covalent bonds, diamond graphite and silicon dioxide

Question 10

describe structure of graphite

Answer 10

has strong covalent bonds but weak intermoleculer forces

Question 11

describe strucutre if diamond

Answer 11

tetrahedral shape, centre atom froms 4 bonds, strong covalent bonds

Question 12

describe strucutre of silicon (IV) dioxide

Answer 12

centre atom forms 4 bonds, strong covalent bonds, tetahedral shape

Question 13

what are some properties of diamond and silicon dioxide

Answer 13

have high melting points and doesnt conduct electricity because each atom is held in place by 4 strong covalent bonds, which needs lots of energy to break

Question 14

describe properties of graphite

Answer 14

conducts electricity and is soft because sheets can slide over each other because they are held by weak intermolecular forces, and because carbon atoms has four electrons but forms nly 3 bonds, so one electron is free to move carrying charge

Question 15

what are some uses for giant covalent and why

Answer 15

graphite is used for pencil lead, beause of dark color and because is soft
diamond and silicon dioxide are used for edge wheels and cutting stone and as jewlery, because very hard and require hgih energy to break bonds