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CHEMISTRY IGCSE > Acids, Bases and Salts > Flashcards

Acids, Bases and Salts Flashcards

1
Q

Define acids.

A

proton donors

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2
Q

Define bases.

A

proton acceptors

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3
Q

What type of ions do aqueous solutions of acids contain?

A

H+ ions

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4
Q

H+ ions are found in aqueous solutions of ________.

A

acids

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5
Q

What type of ions do aqueous solutions of alkalis contain?

A

OH- ions

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6
Q

OH- ions are found in aqueous solutions of ________.

A

alkalis

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7
Q

What are alkalis?

A

soluble bases

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8
Q

What are bases, in terms of its molecule?

A

oxide/hydroxide of a metal

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9
Q

What colour does litmus turn in an acid?

A

red

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10
Q

What colour does thymolphthalein turn in an acid?

A

colourless

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11
Q

What colour does methyl orange turn in an acid?

A

red

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12
Q

What colour does phenolphthalein turn in an acid?

A

colourless

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13
Q

What colour does litmus turn in an alkali?

A

blue

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14
Q

What colour does thymolphthalein turn in an alkali?

A

blue

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15
Q

What colour does methyl orange turn in an alkali?

A

yellow

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16
Q

What colour does phenolphthalein turn in an alkali?

A

pink

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17
Q

What is formed when a metal reacts with an acid?

A

hydrogen and a salt

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18
Q

In what reaction is hydrogen and a salt formed?

A

between a metal and acid

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19
Q

What is formed when metal carbonates react with acids?

A

a salt, carbon dioxide and water

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20
Q

In what reaction are a salt, carbon dioxide and water formed?

A

between a metal carbonate and an acid

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21
Q

What is formed when a base reacts with ammonium salts?

A

a salt, water and ammonia gas

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22
Q

Define a strong acid.

A

an acid that is completely dissociated in aqueous solution

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23
Q

Define a weak acid.

A

an acid that is partially dissociated in aqueous solution

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24
Q

Is hydrochloric acid weak or strong? What is an equation that proves this?

A

strong
HCl (aq) -> H+(aq) + Cl- (aq)

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25
Is ethanoic acid weak or strong? What is an equation that proves this?
weak CH3COOH (aq) -> H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)
26
What is a reaction between an acid and an alkali?
neutralisation reaction
27
Why is water formed in a neutralisation reaction?
water, because the H+ ions and OH- ions form water
28
Most non-metal oxides are ______.
acidic
29
Are most non-metal oxides acidic or basic?
acidic
30
What are examples of acidic non-metal oxides?
SO2 and CO2
31
Most metal oxides are ______.
basic
32
Are most metal oxides acidic or basic?
basic
33
What are examples of basic metal oxides?
CuO and CaO
34
What are amphoteric oxides?
oxides that reacts with acids AND with bases to produce a salt and water
35
What are two examples of amphoteric oxides?
Al2O3 and ZnO
36
Al2O3 and ZnO are _________.
amphoteric oxides
37
Are sodium salts soluble or insoluble?
soluble
38
Are potassium salts soluble or insoluble?
soluble
39
Are ammonium salts soluble or insoluble?
soluble
40
Are nitrates soluble or insoluble?
soluble
41
Are chlorides soluble or insoluble?
soluble, except for lead and silver
42
Are sulfates soluble or insoluble?
soluble, except for barium, calcium, and lead
43
Are carbonates soluble or insoluble?
insoluble, except sodium, potassium and ammonium
44
Are hydroxides soluble or insoluble?
insoluble, except sodium, potassium, ammonium and calcium (partially)
45
What is/are the unit(s) for concentration?
g/dmˆ3 or mol/dmˆ3
46
How can you convert from mol/dmˆ3 to g/dmˆ3?
by multiplying mol/dmˆ3 by the Mr
47
Formula for concentration
concentration (mol/dmˆ3) = moles/volume (dmˆ3)
48
What are methods for preparing, separating and purifying SOLUBLE salts?
reacting an acid with: an alkali in a titration excess metal excess insoluble base excess insoluble carbonate
49
What is a method for preparing INSOLUBLE salts?
precipitation
50
The first part of a salt's name comes from...
the metal part of the base
51
The second part of a salt's name comes from...
the acid
52
What are the main three possible types of salts?
chlorides sulfates nitrates
53
What are the three main acids?
nitric acid sulfuric acid hydrochloric acid
54
What are the possible types of bases?
metal oxides metal hydroxides metal carbonates ammonia
55
You use the _____ method to produce salts from reactions with an acid + _______/________/______
same metal/metal oxide/metal carbonate
56
Describe how to produce salts using an acid and a metal/metal oxide/metal carbonate.
1. warm acid to speed up reaction 2. add excess of the metal to acid 3. filter solution: removes excess solid 4. transfer to evaporating dish 5. use bunsen burner to evaporate water (around 2/3) until crystals start to form 6. leave to cool 7. filter to get crystals 8. dry crystals on filter paper
57
Why do you add excess metal/metal oxide/metal carbonate when preparing a salt using an acid?
to ensure all acid has been neutralised
58
Describe how to carry out a titration.
1. use volumetric pipette to measure known amount of acid in conical flask 2. add a few drops of indicator 3. fill burette with base 4. add base to acid until colour change 5. record volume added 6. repeat w/o indicator 7. transfer to evaporating dish and heat it 8. leave to cool, filter and dry crystals
59
What is precipitation used for?
preparing insoluble salts
60
Describe how to carry out a precipitation.
1. mix equal quantities of two soluble salts 2. filter to remove insoluble salt (precipitate) 3. wash precipitate with water 4. leave to dry
61
Why should you rinse the burette with titrant after rinsing with water?
to avoid diluting the titrant
62
State the colour range of universal indicator and what they mean in relation to pH.
red/orange/yellow: acid green: neutral blue/purple: bases
63
What is a hydrated substance?
a substance that is chemically combined with water
64
What is an anhydrous substance?
a substance containing no water
65
Define the term 'water of crystallisation'.
the water molecules present in hydrated crystals
66
In a universal indicator, the closer to _____, the more acidic it is.
red
67
In a universal indicator, the most basic solutions are ______.
purple

CHEMISTRY IGCSE (16 decks)

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