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chemistry A - level > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry all based on

A

Carbon

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2
Q

What can carbon compounds can be grouped into

A

Homologous series

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3
Q

Compounds in the homologous series have:

A
  • same general formula
  • similar chemical reactions
  • trend in physical properties
  • same functional group
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4
Q

Alkane

A

C-C
- ane

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5
Q

Allene

A

C = C
- ene

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6
Q

Alcohol

A
  • OH
    -ol
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7
Q

Amine

A

NH2
-amine

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8
Q

Carboxylic acid

A

COOH
- oic acid

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9
Q

Aldehyde

A

CHO
-al

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10
Q

Ketone

A

-C=O
-one

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11
Q

Esters

A

-COO
-yl -oate

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12
Q

Halogenoalkane

A

C-X (x could be F, I, Cl)
fluoro -
Chloro -
Bromo -
Iodo -

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13
Q

Nitrile

A
  • C=N (triple)
    -nitrite
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14
Q

What is an isomerism

A

Molecules can have the same molecular formula but different arrangements in space (I.e. different structural formulae)

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15
Q

What are Positional isomers

A

The position of the functional group is changed

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16
Q

What are functional group isomers

A

Change the functional group

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17
Q

Which functional groups are group isomers

A

Aldehyde - Ketones
Alkene - Cycloalkanes

18
Q

What are alkanes

A

Are the homologous series with the general formual CnH2n+2
They are saturated hydrocarbons

19
Q

Alkanes boiling point

A

Relatively low due to weak van dear walls forces between molecules (C-H bonds aren’t considered as polar so there are no dipole- dipole/ hydrogen bonds). The larger the Mr the more van dear wasp, therefore the boiling point increases

20
Q

Chains effect on boiling points

A

The more branches you have the lower the boiling point is. Due to less/weaker van dear wall forces between molecules

21
Q

What are alkanes generally used for

A

Typically used as fuels. This involves combustion reactions with oxygen

22
Q

Complete combustion word equation and formula

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
CnH2n+2 + 3n+1/2 O2 -> nCO2 + (n+1) H2O

23
Q

What happens if there is insufficient oxygen present

A

Incomplete combustion. This can from
CO -> Carbon monoxide , toxic colourless gas
C -> carbon , black solid

24
Q

Environment
Carbon dioxide effect

A

A particulate that results in global warming

25
Q

Environment
Carbon effect

A

A particulate it can results in breathing issues and global dimming

26
Q

Environment
Nitrogen oxides effect

A

E.g. NO, NO2, N2O4 etc
Theses are formed when N2 in the air reacts with O2 in the air and in the engine at very high temperature

27
Q

Environment
Sulfur dioxide effect

A

Causes acid rain
SO2 + H2O + 1/2O2 -> H2SO4
This affects rivers, trees and buildings

28
Q

Process of fractional distillation

A

1) heat petroleum to a gas, around 400 degrees
2) put the gas in a fractionating column
3) vapours of hydrocarbons with very high obinlgi points will condes into a liquid lower down the column
4) vapours of hydrocarbons with lower boiling points will condense higher at the top of the column
5)the separated fractions are removed

29
Q

Why is cracking used

A

It takes longer, less useful alkanes and breaks them into shorter more useful hydrocarbons.
It will always produce a mixture of alkanes and alkenes

30
Q

Why is cracking used

A

It takes longer, less useful alkanes and breaks them into shorter more useful hydrocarbons

31
Q

Thermal cracking

A

Uses very high temperatures and high pressure
It produces a lot of small alkanes and alkenes

32
Q

Catalytic cracking

A

High temperature and a catalyst, zeolite crystal
This can form a lot of aromatic compounds such as Benzene

33
Q

What is the test for alkenes?

A

Add bromine water, Br2
The could changes form orange to colourless

34
Q

What is the free radical solution

A

Alkanes can be made into halogenalkanes through this process

35
Q

What are the three steps within free radical substitution

A

1 - initiation
2 - propagation
3 - termination

36
Q

What is ozone

A

Ozone, O3 forms a layer in our atom sop here. The ozone layer was becoming depleted due to CFC ( chlorofluorocarbon)

37
Q

What happened when CFC were being emitted into the atmosphere

A

They can catalyse for the decomposition of ozone into oxygen

38
Q

What alternatives do we use instead of CFC

A

Nowadays we use hydrofluorcarbons as they do not generate Cl. radicals.
They are used in cool and refrigerants and propellents.

39
Q

Why is the ozone being depleted

A

CFCs absorb UV radiation, breaking down the carbon halogen bond to form free radicals that can catalyse ozone depletion

40
Q

what is a catalytic converter

A

are equipped to modern cars to reduce harmful emissions
small amounts of Pd\Pt\Ir on a honeycomb support, high surface area so little metal required

41
Q

what does a catalyst do?

A

lowers the activation energy of a reaction by providing an alternate pathway

chemistry A - level (16 decks)

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