Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Molecular formula

Answer 1

Notation used to show the type and number of atoms in a molecule

Question 2

Condensed structural formula

Answer 2

Notation used to show type and number of atoms in a molecule with groups of atoms written separately

Question 3

Structural formula

Answer 3

Graphical representation of a molecule showing types, number of atoms and how they are bonded

Question 4

Homologous series

Answer 4

A group of organic molecules from the same family of organic molecules that share the same general forum and have similar chemical properties

Question 5

General formula of alkanes

Answer 5

CnH2n+2

Question 6

Alkanes

Answer 6

Homologous series of hydrocarbons, characterised by having carbon atoms linked with single bonds. Suffix - ane.

Question 7

Alkene general formula

Answer 7

CnH2n

Question 8

Alkenes

Answer 8

Homologous series of hydrocarbons characterised by having carbon atoms linked with one or more double bonds. Suffix -ene.

Question 9

Hydrocarbon

Answer 9

Molecules that contain only carbon and hydrocarbon atoms

Question 10

Chemical properties of alkenes and alkanes

Answer 10

• Non-reactive with acids, alkalis, metals and water
• Low melting/boiling point - weak intermolecular forces
• Volatile
• Smelly
• Don’t conduct heat/electricty
• Combust easily
• Non-polar - won’t dissolve in water

Question 11

Saturated

Answer 11

Every carbon atom has the maximum amount of atoms bonded to it. (Alkane)

Question 12

Substitution reaction

Answer 12

When there is a saturated molecule (alkane), if another atom is to be added, one atom must be removed first. For this to occur, enough energy must be available to overcome the activation energy required to break the C-H bond.

Question 13

Unsaturated molecules

Answer 13

Not every carbon atom has the maximum amount of atoms bonded to it because of one or more double bonds. (alkenes)

Question 14

Addition reactions

Answer 14

When there is an unsaturated molecule (alkene), if another atom is added, the double bond can be broken into a single bond and the available site is occupied by another atom. Requires less energy to break a double bond than a C-H bond so it can proceed more easily that a substitution reaction.

Question 15

Alcohols

Answer 15

Homologous series characterised by having the -OH functional group hydroxyl.

Question 16

Solute

Answer 16

The solid substance being dissolved

Question 17

Solvent

Answer 17

The liquid that dissolves the solute

Question 18

Solution

Answer 18

When a solute dissolves in a solvent

Question 19

Soluble

Answer 19

A substance that can dissolve in a solvent

Question 20

Insoluble

Answer 20

A substance that cannot dissolve in a solvent

Question 21

Miscible

Answer 21

Two liquids that can dissolve into each other

Question 22

Immiscible

Answer 22

Two liquids that cannot dissolve into each other

Question 23

Complete combustion

Answer 23

Occurs in a plentiful supply of oxygen. All carbon and hydrogen atoms are oxidised to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)

Question 24

Incomplete combustion

Answer 24

Occurs in a limited supply of oxygen. Hydrogen atoms are oxidised to water (H2O) and carbo products include carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon/soot (C)

Question 25

Non renewable fuel

Answer 25

Fuels that cannot be easily made or renewed. We can use up or exhaust non-renewable fuels eg oil, natural gas, coal etc

Question 26

Carbon neutral

Answer 26

Making no difference to the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Question 27

Renewable fuel

Answer 27

A range of sources for generating energy which will always be available or are able to be regrown or remade

Question 28

Fossil fuel

Answer 28

A natural fuel in the geological past from the remains of living organisms

Question 29

Global warming

Answer 29

An increase in the temperature of earths's atmosphere, generally attributed to increased levels of carbon dioxide (which traps heat) in the atmosphere.

Question 30

Acid rain

Answer 30

Rainfall is made acidic by the effects of atmospheric pollution caused by burning fossil fuels

Question 31

Ocean acidification

Answer 31

Name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by their uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Question 32

Fractional distillation

Answer 32

The process in which various hydrocarbon components of crude oil are separated into fractions based on their different boiling points.

Question 33

Cracking

Answer 33

Breaking long-chained molecules into shorter and more useful products such as petrol that can be made into plastics. Involves heat and a catalyst. Uses one alkane and one alkene.

Question 34

Monomer

Answer 34

Small molecules (alkenes) which join to form polymers

Question 35

Polymerisation

Answer 35

Joining a large number of small molecules to make a very long chain

Question 36

Atomic structure of carbon

Answer 36

(2,4), 6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons, covalent bonding

Question 37

General formula for alkanes

Answer 37

CnH2n+2

Question 38

General formula for alkenes

Answer 38

CnH2n

Question 39

General formula for alcohols

Answer 39

C(n)H(2n+1)OH

Question 40

What is crude oil?

Answer 40

A mixture of hydrocarbons

Question 41

Conditions required for cracking

Answer 41

Heat, pressure and catalyst

Question 42

Conditions required for polymerisation

Answer 42

Heat, temp, catalyst, pressure