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11CHEM > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Molecular formula

A

Notation used to show the type and number of atoms in a molecule

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2
Q

Condensed structural formula

A

Notation used to show type and number of atoms in a molecule with groups of atoms written separately

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3
Q

Structural formula

A

Graphical representation of a molecule showing types, number of atoms and how they are bonded

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4
Q

Homologous series

A

A group of organic molecules from the same family of organic molecules that share the same general forum and have similar chemical properties

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5
Q

General formula of alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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6
Q

Alkanes

A

Homologous series of hydrocarbons, characterised by having carbon atoms linked with single bonds. Suffix - ane.

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7
Q

Alkene general formula

A

CnH2n

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8
Q

Alkenes

A

Homologous series of hydrocarbons characterised by having carbon atoms linked with one or more double bonds. Suffix -ene.

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9
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Molecules that contain only carbon and hydrocarbon atoms

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10
Q

Chemical properties of alkenes and alkanes

A
  • Non-reactive with acids, alkalis, metals and water
  • Low melting/boiling point - weak intermolecular forces
  • Volatile
  • Smelly
  • Don’t conduct heat/electricty
  • Combust easily
  • Non-polar - won’t dissolve in water
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11
Q

Saturated

A

Every carbon atom has the maximum amount of atoms bonded to it. (Alkane)

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12
Q

Substitution reaction

A

When there is a saturated molecule (alkane), if another atom is to be added, one atom must be removed first. For this to occur, enough energy must be available to overcome the activation energy required to break the C-H bond.

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13
Q

Unsaturated molecules

A

Not every carbon atom has the maximum amount of atoms bonded to it because of one or more double bonds. (alkenes)

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14
Q

Addition reactions

A

When there is an unsaturated molecule (alkene), if another atom is added, the double bond can be broken into a single bond and the available site is occupied by another atom. Requires less energy to break a double bond than a C-H bond so it can proceed more easily that a substitution reaction.

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15
Q

Alcohols

A

Homologous series characterised by having the -OH functional group hydroxyl.

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16
Q

Solute

A

The solid substance being dissolved

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17
Q

Solvent

A

The liquid that dissolves the solute

18
Q

Solution

A

When a solute dissolves in a solvent

19
Q

Soluble

A

A substance that can dissolve in a solvent

20
Q

Insoluble

A

A substance that cannot dissolve in a solvent

21
Q

Miscible

A

Two liquids that can dissolve into each other

22
Q

Immiscible

A

Two liquids that cannot dissolve into each other

23
Q

Complete combustion

A

Occurs in a plentiful supply of oxygen. All carbon and hydrogen atoms are oxidised to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)

24
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

Occurs in a limited supply of oxygen. Hydrogen atoms are oxidised to water (H2O) and carbo products include carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon/soot (C)

25
Q

Non renewable fuel

A

Fuels that cannot be easily made or renewed. We can use up or exhaust non-renewable fuels eg oil, natural gas, coal etc

26
Q

Carbon neutral

A

Making no difference to the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

27
Q

Renewable fuel

A

A range of sources for generating energy which will always be available or are able to be regrown or remade

28
Q

Fossil fuel

A

A natural fuel in the geological past from the remains of living organisms

29
Q

Global warming

A

An increase in the temperature of earths’s atmosphere, generally attributed to increased levels of carbon dioxide (which traps heat) in the atmosphere.

30
Q

Acid rain

A

Rainfall is made acidic by the effects of atmospheric pollution caused by burning fossil fuels

31
Q

Ocean acidification

A

Name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth’s oceans, caused by their uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

32
Q

Fractional distillation

A

The process in which various hydrocarbon components of crude oil are separated into fractions based on their different boiling points.

33
Q

Cracking

A

Breaking long-chained molecules into shorter and more useful products such as petrol that can be made into plastics. Involves heat and a catalyst. Uses one alkane and one alkene.

34
Q

Monomer

A

Small molecules (alkenes) which join to form polymers

35
Q

Polymerisation

A

Joining a large number of small molecules to make a very long chain

36
Q

Atomic structure of carbon

A

(2,4), 6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons, covalent bonding

37
Q

General formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

38
Q

General formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

39
Q

General formula for alcohols

A

C(n)H(2n+1)OH

40
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

41
Q

Conditions required for cracking

A

Heat, pressure and catalyst

42
Q

Conditions required for polymerisation

A

Heat, temp, catalyst, pressure

11CHEM (7 decks)

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