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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

bond strength

A

how strongly bonds hold atoms together

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2
Q

bond length

A

length of a bond

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3
Q

bond energy

A

measurement used to indicate the amount of energy needed to break bonds measured in Kj/mol

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4
Q

electronegativity

A

tendancy of an atom to attract a pair of bonding electrons

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5
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen

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6
Q

valence electrons

A

electrons in the outer shell of an atom

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7
Q

valence number

A

number of valence electrons of an atom

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8
Q

saturated hydrocarbons

A

molecules that have only single C-C bonds

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9
Q

unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

molecules that have at least one double C=Cor triple carbon bonds

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10
Q

molecular formula

A

formula that shows the number of atoms of every element in a molecule

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11
Q

structural formula

A

structural representation of a molecule that shows the atoms in the compound, the number of each atom, and how atoms are arranged and bonded to each other

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12
Q

semi-structural formula

A

condensed form of a structural formula that does not show all bonds between atoms in a compound

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13
Q

skeletal formula

A

representation of a molecular structure where covalent bonds are shown as lines. Carbon atoms are shown as vertices and hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are not shown

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14
Q

terminal carbon

A

found at the end of the carbon parent chain and is bonded to one other carbon

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15
Q

alkyl group

A

groups formed by removing one hydrogen atom from the equivalent alkane chain

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16
Q

functional group

A

specific groups of atoms within a compound that affects the properties of the compound. Compounds containing the same functional group have similar chemical properties

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17
Q

primary amine

A

compound with an amino functional group (NH2) where the nitrogen atom is only bonded to one carbon atom

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18
Q

amide

A

compound that has the functional group (amide) CON

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19
Q

aldehyde

A

compound that contain an aldehyde functional group (CHO)

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20
Q

ketone

A

compounds that contain a carbonyl (CO) functional group. The carbon atom in teh CO group is attached to two alkyl groups

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21
Q

carboxylic acid

A

compounds that contain a carboxyl functional group (COOH)

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22
Q

esters

A

compounds that contain an ester functional group (COO)

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23
Q

haloalkanes

A

alkanes that contain a halogen

24
Q

alcohols

A

compounds that contain a hydoxyl functional group (OH) bonded to a carbon atom in the carbon chain

25
primary alcohols
alcohols where the hydroxyl group is bonded to a carbon with only one alkyl group
26
secondary alcohol s
alcohols where the hydroxyl functional group is bonded to a carbon with two alkyl groups
27
tertiary alcohols
alcohols where the OH group is bonded to a carbon wtih three alkyl groups
28
parent carbon chain
longest continuous chain of carbon-carbon bonds. This needs to include any double or tripple bonded carbons, if present
29
substituents
single atoms or groups of atoms which are attached to the parent carbon chain
30
IUPAC naming
set of rules used to name organic compounds according to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
31
Isomers
molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures
32
structural isomers
isomers that have the same molecular formula but have atoms arranged in a different order
33
spatial orientation
direction and position in space
34
stereoisomers
isomers with the same order of atoms but have different spatial orientations
35
geometric isomers
cis and trans isomers which are formed due to the inability for double bonds to rotate
36
enatiomers/optical isomers
pairs of chiral compounds that are mirror images of each other
37
boiling point
temperature required to turn a substance from a liquid to a gas
38
flash point
lowest temperature at which an organic compound gives off a sufficient vapour to ignite in air
39
viscosity
resistance of substance to flow
40
volatility
tendency of a substance to be vapourised
41
achiral
not chiral. An object that can be superimposed on its mirror image. Normally have a plain of symmetry
42
chiral
not superimposeable on its mirror image. A chiral molecule has two optical isomers of a pair of enatiomers
43
homologous series
a series of organic compounds that each member differs by a CH2
44
actual yield
amount of product that is actually produced as a result of a chemical reaction
45
addition reaction
reaction where one molecule combines with another to form a larger molecule with no other products
46
atom economy
extent to which the reactants are used to make the desired products
47
condensation reactions
chemical reactions where two molecules combine to form a new compound and release a water molecule
48
esterification reaction
chemical reaction between organic compounds that forms at least one ester as a product
49
hydrolysis
chemical reaction where water is used to break the bonds of a substance
50
reaction pathway
one or more reactions designed to convert a reactant to a desired product
51
substitution reaction
chemical reaction where an atom, or group of atoms in a compound are replaced by another atom, or group of atoms
52
theoretical yield
expected amount of a product produced in a chemical reaction
53
percentage yield
efficiency of a chemical reaction that has taken place
54
addition polymerisation
the process of forming a polymer by the addition reaction, where many monomers bond together by the arrangement of C=C double bonds without the loss of any atom or molecule. Made from unsaturated monomers
55
hydration reaction
a reaction that involves water as a reactant
56
saponification
a process in which soap is produced by heating a fat or vegetable oil with alkali.

Chemistry (7 decks)

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