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Chemistry > Food Chemistry > Flashcards

Food Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

2- amino acid (alpha-amino acid)

A

amino acid whose carboxyl and amino group are bonded to the same central carbon atom

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2
Q

Essential amino acid

A

amino acid that cannot be synthesised by the human body

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3
Q

Non-essential amino acid

A

amino acid that can be synthesised by the human body

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4
Q

primary structure

A

linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

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5
Q

secondary structure

A

arrangement of primary protein structure in a way that results in an alpha-helix or a beta-pleated sheet

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6
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

overall three-dimensional structure of a protein

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7
Q

Quaternary structure

A

combination of multiple polypeptide chains known as subunits

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8
Q

dipeptide

A

product of a condensation reaction between 2-amino acids

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9
Q

polypeptide

A

product of a condensation reaction between multiple 2-amino acids

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10
Q

hydrolysis

A

breakdown of a compound by a chemical reaction with water

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11
Q

metabolism

A

breakdown of food and its transformation into energy

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12
Q

Denaturation

A

process where proteins lose their quaternary, tertiary and/or secondary structure due to factors such as pH and temperature change

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13
Q

Active site

A

region of an enzyme wher the substrate molecule binds to the enzyme and undergoes a chemical reaction

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14
Q

Substrate

A

molecule which an enzyme acts upon

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15
Q

lock and key model

A

theory of enzyme activity where the substrate perfectly fits the active site of the enzyme

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16
Q

Induced-fit model

A

theory of enzyme activity where ther active site slightly changes the shape to bind to the substrate

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17
Q

Enzyme-substrate complex

A

name for the unit which has the substrate bonded to the active site of an enzyme

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18
Q

optimal temperature

A

temperature when an enzyme activity is at its greatest

19
Q

protonation

A

gain of a proton

20
Q

deprotonation

A

loss of a proton

21
Q

acidic amino acid

A

amino acid with a carboxyl group in its side chain

22
Q

basic amino acid

A

amino acid with an amino group in its side chain

23
Q

coenzyme

A

organic molecule that attaches to the active site of an enzyme and changes the surface shape to enable the substrate to bind

24
Q

vitamin

A

organic molecules that are needed in small quantities for normal bodily functions

25
Q

essential vitamins

A

vitamin that cannot be produced by the human body and therefore must be consumed in one’s diet

26
Q

non-essential vitamin

A

vitamin that can be manufactured by the human body

27
Q

carbohydrate

A

molecule made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with the general formula of Cx(H20)y

28
Q

Monosaccharide

A

smallest building block of carbohydrates consisting of only on esugar molecule. e.g. glucose, fructose and galactose

29
Q

disaccharide

A

carbohydrate formed from a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides and joined by a glycosidic linkage

30
Q

polysaccharide

A

complex carbohydrate formed from the condensation of multiple monosaccharides that are joined together by glycosidic linkages

31
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

ether (-O-) linkage that joins two monosaccharides

32
Q

Aspartame

A

powerful artificial sweetener used instead of sucrose

33
Q

starch

A

polysaccharide made up of multople alpha-glucose monosaccharides. Starch can exist in two forms: amylopectin and amylose

34
Q

amylopectin

A

highly branched form of starch

35
Q

amylose

A

tightly coiled, unbranched form of starch

36
Q

cellulose

A

polysaccharides composed of beta-glucose tht is indigestible to humans and found in the cell walls of plants

37
Q

glycogen

A

highly branched polysaccharide made up of glucose monosaccharides that is used by animals for energy storage

38
Q

metabolism

A

breakdown of food and its transformation into energy

39
Q

cellular respiration

A

metabolic process by which glucose is converted into energy for cells

40
Q

glycaemic index (GI)

A

number representative of the way a food affects the blood glucose level

41
Q

amylase

A

enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch

42
Q

lactase

A

enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of lactose

43
Q

cellulase

A

enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of cellulose

Chemistry (7 decks)

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