Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is the difference between sigma and pi bonds?
Sigma bonds are when two orbitals of the same charge overalpr to the point that they bond- the end result is end-to-end overlap or obritals
pi bonds are accomplished with p orbital - it is made by the sidways overlap of construcitve intereferce that makes the double and triple bonds between elements
what is the difference between sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridized carbon atoms?
the SP hybrid carbon atoms have two groups bonded to the and have a 180 bond angel between the groups
sp2 carbon atoms ahave three groups bonded 120 degrees apart and sp3 carons have 4 groups bonded at 109.5 degrees apart
Name 3 functional groups that have delocailzed electrons?
all carbonly containing groups like ester, carboxylic acid, amide, acid anyhydirde, acid halide, aldehyde, ketone
what does unsaturated mean?
having CC double and triple and do not contain the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms for the number of carbons.
unsaturated moleculs have one or more signs of pi bonds so that it does not contained the max possible amount of hydrogen
Rank the 4 possible types of alkyls carbocations from least to most stable?
Unsubstituted methyl, primary, secondary, and tertiary – stabilize more as the ch3 pull some electrons towards them
what has to be present for resonance to occur?
Pi bonds must be present so that the electrons can delocalize- all the electrons in delocalization contribute to the bonding of every pi bond
what is a chiral center?
A chiral center is a stereochemical center that must be a carbon surrounded by four different elements that all vary in molecular weight
what is the differecne between structural isomers, conformational isomers and stereoisomers?
Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different connectives
confromational isomers have the same molecular formular but differ in rotations abotu single bonds
stereoisomers have the same molecular formula and connectives of atoms but the group different in spatial arrangments in a molecule
what is another name for geometric isomers?
geometic isomers are a type of diasteromer
what are the two types of stereoisomers?
both geometric isomers and optical isomers are types of stereoisomers
what is the most stable conformations of methylcyclohexane?
chair form with an equitorial methyl group (axial is higher energy)-
equitorial is farther away from other elements provides less steric hinderance
what is a racemic mixture?
racemix mix is a 50/50 mix of two enantiomers
what is a nucleophile and what is an electrophile?
a nucleophile is a species that is electron irch and is attracted to things that are electron difficient and will dontate a pair of electron. Nuc normall have negative charges associated with it or has a lone pair of electrons
electrophiles are a species that is electron deficinet and is attracted to electron rich specieis and it has a positive charge associated with it.
what is a lewis acid and lewis base?
lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor like an electrophile and a lewis base is a electron pair donator like a nucleophile
what is a leaving group
a stable species that detached itself from a molecule during the course of a reaction
