Biology and Biochemistry Flashcards
how do catalysts and inhibitors affect reaction rates? how is delta G affected by enzymes?
catalysts normally make the reaction rates faster and the inhbitors decrease the reaction rate. The delta G is not affected by enzymes
name three ways to determine if something has been oxidized or reduced?
oxidation is the gain of oxygen, loss of hydrogen, loss of electrons.
Reduction is the loss of oxygen, gain of hydrogen and gain of electrons
name cellular location and end products per glucose for glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, krebs cycle, electron transport and fermentation.
glycolysis- cytoplasm and create two pyruvate, two atp, two nadh from one glucose
PDH is in the mitochondrial matirx and the end products are two NADH, two AcCoa, and two CO2 from one glucose
Krebs cycle- mitochrondial matrix and the end products are 6 NADH, 2 GTP, 2 Fadh2, 4 CO2
Electron transport is in the inner mitochondrial membrane in which the end product is the proton gradients of 30 atp made
Fermentation is cytoplame and the end prodcuts are two ATP, 2 lactic acid or ethanol.
Name cellular locations and main products of the following biochemical pathways
all the reactions occur in the cytosol except for fatty acid oxidation which occurs in mitochondrial matrix
b. Gluconeogenesis- glycogen
c. Glycogenesis- glucose- 6- phosphate
d. Glycogenolysis- glucose-1-phosphate
e. Fatty acid oxidation-acetyl coa units
f. Fatty acid synthesis- 16C fatty acids- palimate
g. Pentose phosphate pathway- nadph (oxidative) and ribulose-5-phosphate (non-oxidative phase)
Name 4 importatn macromolecular for biology, the monomers and their functions
Proteins- amino acids, channels, pores, hormones, enzymes; carbohydrates, monosac; lipids, hydrocarbons; stored energy, cell membranes, cholesterol and steroids; nucleic acids, nucleotides, DNA and RNA
What are the three letter and one letter abbreviation for the amino acids
Arginine- Arg R Histidine- His H Lysine- Lys, K Aspartic acid- asp D Glutamic acid- Glu E Serine- Ser S Threonine- Thr- T Asparagine- ASN- N Glutamine- Gln Q Cysteine- Cys- C Glycine- Gly G Proline- Pro- P Alanine- Ala- A Valine- Val- V Isoleucine- Ile I Leucine- Leu L Methionine- Met M Phenylalanine- Phe- F Tyrosine- Tyr- Y Tryptophan- Trp- W
sort the aminoa acids into groups with polar, nonpolar, acidic and basic side chains
Polar- ser, thr, asn, gln
Nonpolar- ala, gly, leu, ile, val, phe, tyr, trp
Acidic- asp, glu
Basic- arg, his, lys
what is the central dogma of molecular biology?
DNA–> RNA–> protein
define replication, transcription and translations. At what stage is protein synthesis primarily regulated?
Replication is the process of duplicating the DNA to prepare for transcription- DNA to DNA
Transcription is the process of RNA polymerase running along the DNA and making RNA – DNA to RNA – this is where the regulation of protein synthesis is at this stpe
c. Rna is then transported out of the nucleus into the cytosol for translation
d. Translation is the process of taking the RNA and applying trans through a ribosome and making a protein with the corresponding amino acids – Rna to protein
what does semiconservative replication mean?
After DNA replication, one strand of the DNA doulbe helix is composed of old DNA and the other is composed of new synthesized DNA
What is the difference between DNA and RNA? Name the three types of RNA and their functions.
The difference between RNA and DNA is that RNA is mostly single stranded and changes T with U
The three types of RNA is rRNA that is used fir ribosomes, tRNA carries an amino acid to a ribosome to be incorporated into a growing protein, and mRNA is the messenger rna that goes out of the nucleus
name at least 5 difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or organelles; single circular chromosome; 3 different DNA polymerases and 1 Rna polymerase; transcriptions and translation is simultaneous, mRNA is polycistronic; no mRNA processing (no postranscritional modificaiton)
b. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and other organelles; several linear chromosomes; 1 DNA polymerase and 3 different RNA polymerases; mRNA is monocistornic; mRNA must be processed before translation
What is the basic structure of a virus?
the virus is a piece of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein shell called a capsid
Name the three different life cycles of a virus and which of these is an animal visu life cycle only?
Lytic, lysogenic, productive
the productive stage is part of the animal visus cycle only
The lytic cycle involves the reproduction of viruses using a host cell to manufacture more viruses; the viruses then burst out of the cell. The lysogenic cycle involves the incorporation of the viral genome into the host cell genome, infecting it from within
what is a prion? What is a viroid?
prion is an abnormally folded protein that can convert other normal porions to the abnormal form. They are very resistant to degradation by heat and acids and are common with degenerative brain disorders.
viroids are short single stranded RNA that have highly complememtary sequences . They are plant pathogens
