General Chemistry

Question 1

What are the three fundamental particles of matter and what determines the identity of an element?

Answer 1

Proton, neutron, and electron, and the numbers of protons are what determine the identity of an element

i. If there are off neutrons that are not the same number as protons, it is an isotope and if there are off numbers of electrons, those are ions with different charges (cations (pos) and anions (neg)

Question 2

2. Isotopes differ by which fundamental principle? The mass number of an element is determined by which two particles?

Answer 2

Isotopes differs by neutrons and the mass number is determined by protons and neutrons.

Question 3

What are the two types of ions- name them and their type of charge

Answer 3

Anions have a negative charge and a cation has a positive charge.

Question 4

What letter stands for the principal quantum number? What is the range of values for this number?

Answer 4

n is the quantum number, and the range of n can be infinite as it describes the energy levels of different orbitals

Question 5

Ground state electron configurations of any element can be determined by following three rules of electron filling. What are the rules and how do they determine the location of electron in an atom?

Answer 5

Aufbau’s Principle explains to fill lower energy levels and sublevels before adding electrons to higher energy levels.

Pauli Exclusion Principle explains that there is a maximum of two electrons per orbital and the have-to-have opposite spins.

Hund’s rule that says half-filled orbitals of equal energy before paining electrons in any one orbital is a given subshell.

Question 6

What are the three properties of electromagnetic radiation?

Answer 6

Frequency, wavelength and energy create electromagnetic radiation.

Question 7

What does quantized mean?

Answer 7

When something is quantized, is only comes in certain discrete values.

This is like wavelengths and orbitals.

Question 8

What are the three types of nuclear decay from least to most damaging to living tissues?

Answer 8

Alpha, beta, gamma

Question 9

What is alpha radiation?

Answer 9

Alpha particles that come from alpha radiation is describeed as a helium nucleus of two protons and two neutrons leaving an element that is undergoing radioactivte decay.
This is specifically called alpha-decay.

Question 10

What is gamma radiation?

Answer 10

Gamma radiation are High- energy photons that are emitted by radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. It is a very high-energy form of ionizing radiant with the shortest wavelength.

Question 11

One type of nuclear decay has three different modes. What are they?

Answer 11

Beta radiation; beta- (normal beta decay), beta+ (positron emission), EC (electron capture)

Normal beta decay- releases a positively charged beta particle called a positron and a neutrino

Positron emission- releases a negatively charge beat particles called an electron

EC- in which an electron is captured by the atomic nucleus and react with one nuclear proton that forms a neutron

Question 12

What are the three kinds of covalent bonds?

Answer 12

Normal that can be both polar or nonpolar, metallic and coordinate covalent bonds

Question 13

What are two other names for lewis bases?

Answer 13

Ligand, nucleophile, chelator, Electron donators

Question 14

What three geometric family names are associated with each type of hybridized orbital?

Answer 14

Sp- linear
Sp2- trigonal planar
Sp3- tetrahedral

Question 15

Name the various intermolecular forces from strongest to weakest?

Answer 15

Hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, London dispersion(Van der waals)

Question 16

What are the phases of matter?

Answer 16

Gas, liquid, solid

Question 17

When energy is added to a substance, that energy can be used to do one of two physical things. What are they?

Answer 17

It can increase the temperature and increases kinetic energy or can cause a phase change or increases potential energy

Question 18

What two things does vapor pressure depend on?

Answer 18

It depends on the intermolecular forces of the container and the temperature that is being applied

Question 19

When does a liquid boil?

Answer 19

When vapor pressure of the liquids is the same as atmospheric pressure

Question 20

The phase of substance depends on what two properties besides IMFs?

Answer 20

Temperature and pressure

Question 21

What assumptions do we makes about ideal gases?

Answer 21

That they do not have intermolecular forces and do not interact, they have no volume,

Question 22

What are the 5 periodic trends?

Answer 22

Atomic size- increases left and down so the largest is the bottom left

First ionization energy- increases right and up and the highest is the top right

Electronegativity- increases right and up except it does not include the noble gases (they are happy and do not need anymore electrons)

Electron affinity- increases up and right and the highest is the top right

Acidity/basicity- the more positive the charge, the more acidic the compound.

Question 23

What do the constants a and b stand for in the Van der waals equations for real gases?

Answer 23

A stands for the interactions of the IMF between the particles and b is is for the molecular volume that the particles take up in the container.

Question 24

What conditions are indicated by STP?

Answer 24

Temperature of 0 C (273K), pressure at 1 atm

Question 25

What is the volume of one mole of ideal gas at STP?

Answer 25

22.4 liters

Question 26

At the molecular levels, what happens to a solid when it dissolves?

Answer 26

when a solute dissolve, the solute particles are surrounded by solvent particles and are separated through interaction between the solvent particles.

The solute particles are encapsulated and the solute is dissolving

Question 27

Define electrolyte

Answer 27

An electrolyte are ions in water

it is a solute that has dissociated into charged particles in a solution and the I value is greater than 1

Question 28

What is the difference between an intermediate and a transition state?

Answer 28

a. Intermediates are lower in energy than transition states are and there are transition states between intermediates
b. Intermediates are found at local minima along a reaction coordinate while transition states are at local energy maxima along the reaction coordinate. Transition energy are the highest species in a as bonds are breaking and fominrgand are not isolated from the reaction

Question 29

what is the minimum energy required to start a reaction?

Answer 29

Activation energy

Question 30

what are the three properties affect the rate of reaction?

Answer 30

concentrations, temperature and activation energy

Question 31

What are the two ways to determine the order of a rate law?

Answer 31

You can rather experiement with multiple trials where the concentration of one reagent is changing at a time.

ANother wat is looking at the rate determining step

Question 32

what does it mean for a reaction to be at equilibrium?

Answer 32

there is no net change of products and reactants

the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction- this means that the concentration of reactants and products do not change with respect to time.