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CHEMISTRY > Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

How to rember first 4 names of each thingy mabob

A

monkeys, eat peeled, banan

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2
Q

how many bonds must carbon atoms always have

A

4 (can be single or double)

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3
Q

how many bonds must each hydrogen atom have

A

1

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4
Q

what is fractional distillation

A

this is separating different liquids in a compound by using the different fractions’ boiling points and collecting the gas produced separately

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5
Q

3 examples of uses for crude oil

A
  • Tar (a part)
  • Propane
  • asphalt
  • diesel
  • Waxes
  • Lubricating oils
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6
Q

Crude oil is a mixture of…

A

different hydrocarbons

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7
Q

how do fractionating columns work

A

1) oil is heated to 370°C and pumped into fractionating column (a tall structure)
2) as each vaporised fraction rises, it cools and condenses,
3) Fractions are tapped off when they become liquids into their own chamber

  • fractions with large molecules have higher boiling points than fractions with small molecules
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8
Q

Volatility

A

How much energy is needed for a substance to change state

-a volatile substance: a low amount of energy is needed

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9
Q

do longer or shorter chains of molecules have higher boiling points

A

longer chain- higher boiling point

short chains- lower boiling points

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10
Q

what are homologous series with examples

A

a FAMILY of organic compounds with same FUNCTIONAL GRUOP and GENERAL FORMULA

-Alkanes, alkenes, alcohol, carboxylic acids

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11
Q

Functional group

A

group of atoms/ atoms responsible for a compounds characteristics

(eg, COOH for carboxylic acids, OH for alcohol)

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12
Q

general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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13
Q

general formula for alcahol

A

CnH2n+1

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14
Q

general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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15
Q

how are alkenes created and why

A

cracking of alkanes creates alkenes, this is done to be able to add atoms to the chain of the alkanes

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16
Q

why are alkanes considered saturated

A

You cannot add any other atom to the chain unless cracking of alkane is done

17
Q

what is cracking

A

breaking down big molecules into smaller parts

18
Q

what are alkenes used for

A

creating plastics/ alcahol

19
Q

describe the bromine test to see whether a substance is an alkane or alkene

A
  • By adding bromine to a sample of alkanes/ alkenes 2 results will occur
  • Adding to alkanes wouldn’t do anything and bromine would stay brown/ orange as its saturated
  • Adding to alkenes would discolourise the alkene as it is unsaturated
20
Q

how to remember names for alkane/alkene

A

Meth (ane/ene) (methene does not exist)
Eth (ane/ene)
Prop (ane/ene)
But (ane/ene)

21
Q

how to remember names for alcohol

A 
Add 'Anol'
Meth (anol)
Eth (anol)
Prop (anol)
But (anol)
22
Q

how to remember names for carboxylic acids

A

Meth (anoic acid)
Eth (anoic acid)
Prop (anoic acid)
But (anoic acid)

23
Q

what would the difference be by adding 2 different strength acids to water (in separate containers)

A

the strong acid will completely ionise the water (and create hydrogen)

the weaker acid will ionise the water less and create some hydrogen

24
Q

uses of esters

A
  • flavourings of candy/ sweets

- perfumes

25
Q

how to name esters

A

first part comes from alcohol (replace last letters with yl) Ethanol–> ethyl

second part of name comes of carboxylic acid by removing ‘anoic acid’ and adding ‘anoate’

eg, ethanol+ methanoic acid–> ethyl methanoate

26
Q

how are esters made

A

carboxylic acids with alcahols create esters (require heat to do this)

27
Q

how to get rid of plastics

A

combustion- releases carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas)

28
Q

definition of polymer

A

large molecules joint together to create a long chain

29
Q

what does biodegradable mean

A

plastics designed to be broken down by bacteria so plastic does not have to be burnt so no carbon dioxide will be released

30
Q

metal carbonate+ acid–> ??

A

metal carbonate+ acid–> salt + water +carbon dioxide

31
Q

how is ethanol manufactured (2 ways)

A

hydration of ethene (requires phosphoric acid)

or

fermentation of yeast

32
Q

how are haloalkanes formed

A

another halogen can be substituted for hydrogen, however UV light or sunlight is needed to break the covalent bonds

33
Q

how is ethanol made

A

fermentation of glucose (requires yeast catalyst)

reacting steam and ethene (requires phosphoric acid catalyst)

34
Q

what method for creating ethanol is pure and which is not

A

fermentation of yeast is not pure (good for making vinegar)

reacting steam and ethene is pure alcohol

35
Q

what is the order of volatility of oil fractions (descending)

A
  • refinery gas
  • petrol/ gasoline
  • naptha
  • paraffin
  • diesel
  • fuel oil
  • lubricating oil
  • bitumen

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