Organic chemistry Flashcards
How to rember first 4 names of each thingy mabob
monkeys, eat peeled, banan
how many bonds must carbon atoms always have
4 (can be single or double)
how many bonds must each hydrogen atom have
1
what is fractional distillation
this is separating different liquids in a compound by using the different fractions’ boiling points and collecting the gas produced separately
3 examples of uses for crude oil
- Tar (a part)
- Propane
- asphalt
- diesel
- Waxes
- Lubricating oils
Crude oil is a mixture of…
different hydrocarbons
how do fractionating columns work
1) oil is heated to 370°C and pumped into fractionating column (a tall structure)
2) as each vaporised fraction rises, it cools and condenses,
3) Fractions are tapped off when they become liquids into their own chamber
- fractions with large molecules have higher boiling points than fractions with small molecules
Volatility
How much energy is needed for a substance to change state
-a volatile substance: a low amount of energy is needed
do longer or shorter chains of molecules have higher boiling points
longer chain- higher boiling point
short chains- lower boiling points
what are homologous series with examples
a FAMILY of organic compounds with same FUNCTIONAL GRUOP and GENERAL FORMULA
-Alkanes, alkenes, alcohol, carboxylic acids
Functional group
group of atoms/ atoms responsible for a compounds characteristics
(eg, COOH for carboxylic acids, OH for alcohol)
general formula for alkanes
CnH2n+2
general formula for alcahol
CnH2n+1
general formula for alkenes
CnH2n
how are alkenes created and why
cracking of alkanes creates alkenes, this is done to be able to add atoms to the chain of the alkanes
why are alkanes considered saturated
You cannot add any other atom to the chain unless cracking of alkane is done
what is cracking
breaking down big molecules into smaller parts
what are alkenes used for
creating plastics/ alcahol
describe the bromine test to see whether a substance is an alkane or alkene
- By adding bromine to a sample of alkanes/ alkenes 2 results will occur
- Adding to alkanes wouldn’t do anything and bromine would stay brown/ orange as its saturated
- Adding to alkenes would discolourise the alkene as it is unsaturated
how to remember names for alkane/alkene
Meth (ane/ene) (methene does not exist)
Eth (ane/ene)
Prop (ane/ene)
But (ane/ene)
how to remember names for alcohol
Add 'Anol' Meth (anol) Eth (anol) Prop (anol) But (anol)
how to remember names for carboxylic acids
Meth (anoic acid)
Eth (anoic acid)
Prop (anoic acid)
But (anoic acid)
what would the difference be by adding 2 different strength acids to water (in separate containers)
the strong acid will completely ionise the water (and create hydrogen)
the weaker acid will ionise the water less and create some hydrogen
uses of esters
- flavourings of candy/ sweets
- perfumes
how to name esters
first part comes from alcohol (replace last letters with yl) Ethanol–> ethyl
second part of name comes of carboxylic acid by removing ‘anoic acid’ and adding ‘anoate’
eg, ethanol+ methanoic acid–> ethyl methanoate
how are esters made
carboxylic acids with alcahols create esters (require heat to do this)
how to get rid of plastics
combustion- releases carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas)
definition of polymer
large molecules joint together to create a long chain
what does biodegradable mean
plastics designed to be broken down by bacteria so plastic does not have to be burnt so no carbon dioxide will be released
metal carbonate+ acid–> ??
metal carbonate+ acid–> salt + water +carbon dioxide
how is ethanol manufactured (2 ways)
hydration of ethene (requires phosphoric acid)
or
fermentation of yeast
how are haloalkanes formed
another halogen can be substituted for hydrogen, however UV light or sunlight is needed to break the covalent bonds
how is ethanol made
fermentation of glucose (requires yeast catalyst)
reacting steam and ethene (requires phosphoric acid catalyst)
what method for creating ethanol is pure and which is not
fermentation of yeast is not pure (good for making vinegar)
reacting steam and ethene is pure alcohol
what is the order of volatility of oil fractions (descending)
- refinery gas
- petrol/ gasoline
- naptha
- paraffin
- diesel
- fuel oil
- lubricating oil
- bitumen
