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Alevel > organic chem > Flashcards

organic chem Flashcards

1
Q

how many reactants in RTD of sn1 reaction

A

1

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2
Q

how many reactants in RTD of sn2 reaction

A

2

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3
Q

which sn1 or sn2 produces planar transition state

A

sn1

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4
Q

how do racemic mixtures form

A

nucleophile can attack from any direction

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5
Q

what is a racemix mix

A

mixture that holds equal quantities of each enantimer and do not rotate the plane of polarised light as opposite rotations of enantimers cancel each other out

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6
Q

which sn1 or sn2 is optically active

A

sn2

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7
Q

what forces to aldehydes have between themselves

A

london forces

pd to pd

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8
Q

what forces do aldehyde and water have between each other

A

london

pd to pd

and hyrdorgen bonds bc o is very electronegative

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9
Q

what forces do ketones have between each other

A

LF and PD to PD

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10
Q

what forces do ketones plus water have between them

A

LF PD to PD and HB

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11
Q

testing for carbonyl group

what ions involved in oxidation test

A

dichromate ions

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12
Q

what substance causes a positive test and

colour change for positive oxidation test

A

aldehyde

orange to green

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13
Q

what ions involved in fehlings test

A

cu2+ complex ions

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14
Q

what causes positive result for fehlings and colour change

A

aldehyde

blue to brick red

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15
Q

what ions in tollens test

A

ag+ complex ions

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16
Q

what causes positive test for tollens and colour change

A

aldehyde

colourless to silver mirror

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17
Q

what is used in general carbonyl test

A

2 4 DNPH

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18
Q

what is positive result from general carbonyl test and colour change

A

bright yellow ppt from aldehyde and ketone

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19
Q

how would you identify compound from bright yellow ppt

A

find mp and compare to known values

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20
Q

what intermolecular forces for carboxylic acid

A

LF
PD to PD
HB

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21
Q

are carboxylic acids soluable

A

yes for short chains only as non polarity of carbon chain makes them less soluble

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22
Q

what does tghe iodoform test, test for

A

aldehydes and ketones

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23
Q

how is iodoform test carried out

A

add iodine and then sodium hydroxide

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24
Q

what does the sodium hydroxide do in iodoform test

A

removes colour in solution created by iodine

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25
Q

what gives a positive result for iodoform test

A

pale yellow ppt (CH3I)

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26
Q

ester hydrolysis with acidic cat

what is acidic cat

A

h2so4

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27
Q

equation for acidic ester hydrolysis

A

ester plus water ——> carboxylic acid plus alcohol

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28
Q

ester hydrolysis base cat equation

A

ester plus NaOH —->salt plus alcohol

salt = CH3COONa

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29
Q

what type of reaction is acid hydrolysis

A

reversible

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30
Q

is base hydrolysis reversible or irreversible

A

irreversible

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31
Q

why is benzene so stable

A

outer electron from p orbital of each carbon is delocalised causing p orbitals to overlap creating a ring of electron density above and below the c atoms

32
Q

properties of benzene

A

high mp due to high stability

low bp bc its non polar

cannot disslove in water

not very reactive due to stability

carcinogenic

suseptible to attack by electrophiles

33
Q

why isnt kekule model correct

A

bc benzene carbon - carbon length is constant whereas kekule isnt

kekeule would easily undogo addition reactions but benzene doesnt

hydrogenation of benze is less negative than kekule model

34
Q

what happens during combustion of benzene

A

high soot due to high carbon to hydrogen ratio

smoke flame

35
Q

phenol properties

A

solid at rtp due to hydrogen bonds

pink crystaline solid
slightly solouble in water

dissolves in naoh to form salt as phenol is slightly acidic

36
Q

what does oh group do to ring

A

lone pair of e actiate the pi system increasing the electron density making electrophylic attack easier

37
Q

do amines accept or donate e

A

acceptors

38
Q

amine plus water reaction

A

products = R - NH3+ plus OH-

reaction is reversible

39
Q

what does ammonia and amides act as

A

ligands because tehy can donate lone pair of e to transition metal

40
Q

ligand

A

an ion or molecule attatched to a metal by coordinate bonding

41
Q

C4H9NH2 + (Cu(H20)6)2+ —–>

A

C4H9NH2 + (Cu(H20)6)2+ —–> (Cu(C4H9NH2)4(H20)2)2+ + 4H2O
light blue dark blue

42
Q

nitrile to amine

A

reduction LiAlH4 dry ether dilute acid

or

Ni cat plus H2

43
Q

how to get from peptide to amino acid

A

HCl aq

reflux

44
Q

alcohol plus CA reversible or irreversible

A

reversible

45
Q

acylchloride plus CA reversible or irreversible

A

irreversible

46
Q

what linkage is there when amine plus CA

A

peptide linkage

47
Q

how to make grignards

A

HA plus Mg —–> R- Mg- Br

in dry ether

48
Q

what does grignard plus co2 make

A

carb acid

49
Q

Ch3MgBr + CO2 —->

product and conditions

A

CH3COOH + Mg(OH)Br

dilute H2SO4

50
Q

what does adding an aldehyde form

A

primary or secondary alcohol

51
Q

what does adding a ketone form to grignard

A

tertiary alcohol

52
Q

what s a homologous series

A

same functional group and same generalformula

53
Q

nucleophile

A

electron pair donors

nh3 oh- cn-

54
Q

electrophile

A

electron pair acceptors

55
Q

radicals

A

atoms with unpaired electrons

56
Q

chain isomerism

A

carbon skeleton arranged differently

57
Q

positionla isomer

A

functional group changes carbon atom its attactched to

58
Q

functional group isomerism

A

same atoms can be arranged into different functional groups

59
Q

heterolytic fission

A

bonds break unevenly to produce two oppositely charged ions

60
Q

homolytic fission

A

bonds break evenly to form two radicals

61
Q

problem with FRS

A

you can get a mixture of unwanted products and structural isomers form

62
Q

fracking oils from top to bottom

A 
gases - cooking gas 
petrol -cars
kerosene - jet fuel 
diesel - lorries 
lubricating oil - engine oil 
fuel oil - boats 
bitumen -roads
63
Q

what does cracking do

A

produces shorter alkane and alkene

64
Q

conditions for themral cracking

A

high pressure 70atm

and high temp 450 -700degrees

65
Q

what does thermal cracking produce

A

high proportiona of alkenes used to make polymers

66
Q

catalytic cracking conditions

A

zeolite cat

high temp 450 degrees

67
Q

what does catalytic cracking rpoduce

A

high proportions of branched alkanes and aromatic hyddrocarbons

68
Q

how are acid rains produced

A

fossil fuels contain sulfer that burns to form s02 which then dissolves to form sulphric acid in the air

NOx produced at high temps in car engines - then dissloves in air to form acid rain

69
Q

what do catalytic converters do

A

heterogenous platinum cat
stops CO or NOx or unburnt hydrocarbons coming out and changes them into harmless gases like co2 and nitrogen

2NO + CO —> N2 + CO2

70
Q

how to make ethanol

A

fermentation

hydration

71
Q

conditions for fermentation

A

35 degrees and oxygen kept out to prevent oxidation

72
Q

positives and negatives of fermentation

A

renewable slow batch production

73
Q

positives and negatives of hydration

A

crudeoil

fast and pure

74
Q

biofuels positives

A

renewable
release less harmful gases
carbon neutral

75
Q

negatives of biofuels

A

batch production with low yield
carr engines need to be modified
transportation of fuels releases co2

76
Q

what is sigma bond

A

overlapping of orbitals in space between atoms

high e density

and strong attraction between nuclei and shared e

strong

77
Q

pi bond

A

when two p orbital overlap sideway

e density is spread out above and below nuclei

weak bond
restricts roation of molecule

Alevel (30 decks)

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