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IOE > Organic and inorganic components of saliva > Flashcards

Organic and inorganic components of saliva Flashcards

1
Q

What are the role of salivary mucins?

A
  • Lubrication of hard and soft tissues to avoid harm from mechanical damage
  • Bacterial agglutination
  • Direction of bacterial colonisation
  • Barrier to demineralisation and microbial colonisation
  • Antimicrobial and anti fungal activity
  • Regulates other salivary proteins
  • Protects against dessication (drying out of the mouth)
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2
Q

What is the role of statherin and salivary proline rich proteins?

A
  • Inhibition of HAP growth

- Control of mineral deposition and growth

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3
Q

What linked sugars do salivary mucins contain?

A

O- and N- linked sugars

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4
Q

What is the common core structure all N-linked oligosaccharides contain?

A

Three mannose and two N-acetylglucosamine residues

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5
Q

What does a mucin monomer contain?

A
  • Oligosaccharide
  • Cysteine residue
  • Repeat structure
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6
Q

What are the two types of salivary mucin?

A

MG1 and MG2

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7
Q

How many different gene products is MG1 a mixture of?

A

3

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8
Q

How many different gene products is MG2 a mixture of?

A

1

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9
Q

Is MG1 an oligomeric structure or monomeric?

A

Oligomeric

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10
Q

Is MG2 an oligomeric or monomeric structure?

A

Monomeric

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11
Q

What does MG1 form complexes with?

A

Amylase, PRP’s, histatines, statherin and antimicrobial peptides

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12
Q

What does MG2 bind to?

A

Oral pathogens and yeast (candida)

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13
Q

Properties of statherin?

A

High proline content, small, high negative charge, produced by acinar cells, binds to HAP via two possible sites.

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14
Q

What are the functions of statherin?

A

Inhibits crystal growth and precipitation of hydroxyapatite

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15
Q

What are properties of proline rich proteins?

A

Rich in proline, high proportion in total saliva, high negative charge, strongly absorbed to HAP.

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16
Q

What are functions of PRP’s?

A
  • Inhibition of HAP growth
  • Interact with oral micro-organisms (-NH2 terminal binds COOH terminal interacts with bacterial cell walls)
  • Highly selective - exclusion of pathogens
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17
Q

What are properties of histatins?

A
  • Rich in histidine
  • Basic character due to presence of Arg and Lys
  • Bind to HAP
  • Small
  • Highly conserved
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18
Q

Functions of histatins

A

Potent inhibitor of candida

Buffer?

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19
Q

What are the three types of immunoglobulins in saliva and GCF?

A

IgA, IgM and IgG

20
Q

What are functions of histatins?

A
  • Bacterial agglutination

- Specific Ab-Ag targeting against bacterial adhesins

21
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Catalyses hydrolytic cleavage of a 1-4 glycosidic linkages. Depends on calcium ions and is chloride activated.

22
Q

Functions of amylase?

A

CHO digestion (aldehyde)
Interactions with oral micro-organisms
Present in carious lesions
Present in tears

23
Q

What are the properties of lysozymes?

A
  • Originates from striated duct
  • Hydrolyses a 1-4 linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine in bacterial cell walls
  • May co-operate with SlgA (immunoglobulin A)
  • Binds to HAP
24
Q

What are the functions of lysozymes?

A

Bacterial cell wall lysis - antimicrobial

25
Q

What does salivary peroxidases do?

A
  • Catalyses conversion of peroxide (from bacterial metabolism) and thiocyanate into hydrothiocyanite
  • Important detoxifier - must remove H2O2 to prevent free radical formation, may have a role in perio disease
26
Q

What does lactoferrin do?

A

Has an antibacterial function, binds Fe 3+ (essential bacterial nutrient)

27
Q

What are cystatins?

A

Small proteins which are ubiquitous throughout all bodily fluids, binds to HAP

28
Q

What are the functions of cystatins?

A

Inhibitors of cysteine proteases and protection against acid erosion.

29
Q

What are two examples of pH rise factors?

A

Urea and slain, these are metabolised to produce ammonia to increase pH and produce putrescine (halitosis)

30
Q

Why are hydrogen ions related to pH?

A
  • Their concentration determines the pH of the oral environment
31
Q

Why does the pH of saliva vary?

A

According to flow rate (higher flow rate = higher pH

32
Q

Why is pH important in the mouth?

A
  • Maintains ionic product for hydroxyapatite
  • Isoelectric point for salivary protein precipitation on to tooth surfaces
  • Optimal pH for salivary enzymes
33
Q

What do higher flow rates of saliva increase?

A

Salivary buffering

34
Q

What are the MOST important ions in salivary buffering?

A

Bicarbonate

35
Q

Where are bicarbonate ions produced?

A

Striated epithelium of the secretory ducts and parotid gland

36
Q

What does bicarbonate ion concentrations increase with?

A

Increased metabolic activity of salivary glands

37
Q

What is the counter ion for bicarbonate?

A

Sodium

38
Q

What is the counter ion for phosphate?

A

Phosphate

39
Q

Do sodium ions increase when flow rate increases?

A

Yes

40
Q

Do potassium ions increase when flow rate increases?

A

Stays the same

41
Q

What are the possible origins of magnesium ions?

A

Cellular degradation

Early carious attack

42
Q

Do magnesium ions increase or decrease with an increased flow rate?

A

Decrease

43
Q

What do calcium ions do in the mouth?

A
  • Form complexes with calcium binding salivary proteins

- Important role in maintenance of ionic product for hydroxyapatite

44
Q

Do calcium ions increase with increased flow rate?

A

Stay the same

45
Q

What do phosphate ions do?

A
  • Act as a buffer, especially in unstimulated saliva

- Important in maintenance of ionic product for hydroxyapatite

46
Q

Do phosphate ions increase with increased salivary flow?

A

Decrease

47
Q

What is the formula of hydroxyapatite?

A

Ca10(Po4)6(OH)2

IOE (13 decks)

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