Anatomy Flashcards
What does the ramus (part of the mandible) do?
Attaches some muscles of mastication
What are the two projections of the ramus of the mandible?
Coronoid process and condylar process
What does the condylar process do?
Contributes to the TMJ
What does the coronoid process do?
Attaches the temporalis muscle
What is the outer foramen of the mandible called?
Mental - transmits the mental nerve
What features of the face does the mental nerve supply?
Lower teeth, skin of the chin and gingival on the labial aspect of the anterior lower teeth.
What is the inner foramen of the mandible called?
Mandibular
What nerve does the mandibular foramen transmit?
Inferior alveolar nerve, which supplies all the lower teeth and some of the gingivae on the labial and buccal aspects.
What does the lingula have attached to it?
A ligament
What foramina do you find inferior of the orbits?
Infra-orbital foramina
When you open your mouth what is the process of the temporal bone called that the condylar process moves towards?
Articular eminence
What are the five bones that are hollow in places and some are called the para-nasal air sinuses?
- Right and left maxillae
- Frontal bone
- Sphenoid bone
- Ethmoid bone
What is the oral cavity bounded by?
Upper and lower teeth anteriorly and laterally and by an opening into the pharynx called the oro-pharyngeal isthmus posteriorly.
What space lies in the mouth outside the dental arches?
Vestibule
What is the ligamentous structure that limits how much you can lift your tongue?
Lingual frenulum
What is the V-shaped boundary that fuses the posterior 1/3 and anterior 2/3 of the tongue called?
Sulcus terminalis
Where is the palatine tonsil located?
Between the palatoglosal and palatopharyngeal arches
What is the hard palate composed of?
Palatine process of maxilla (greater and lesser) and the right and left maxilla
What is the large muscle of the neck that starts at the clavicle and sternum and runs to behind the ears called?
Sternocleidomastoid
What is the muscle around the eyes called?
Orbicularis oculi
What are the two muscles that control the zygomatica called?
Zygomaticus major and minor
What is the muscle that controls the mouths facial expression called?
Orbicularis oris
What is the muscle that moves the cheek called?
Buccinator
What is the muscle that levitates the mouth called?
Levator anguli oris
What is the muscle at the corner of the mouth?
Risorius
What is the muscle involved near the mouth in frowning?
Depressor anguli oris
What is the muscle in the chin?
Mentalis
What does the buccinator and superior constrictor attach to?
Pterygomandibular raphe
What cranial nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression?
7 - facial
What are the five branches of the facial nerve?
Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical
Do the branches of the facial nerve supply the parotid gland or just pass through it?
Just pass through it
What is the most important nerve in general sensory supply to the facial region?
Trigeminal
What are the three main divisions of the trigeminal nerve?
1) Opthalmic V1
2) Maxillary V2
3) Mandibular V3
What artery comes off the external carotid artery?
Maxillary
What nerve branches off this maxillary artery?
Inferior alveolar artery
What does the lingual artery do and where does it branch off?
Branches off the inferior external carotid artery and provides the blood supply to the tongue and structures of the floor of the mouth, including the lingual gingivae
Further from the IA artery what other artery branches off the external carotid artery?
Posterior superior alveolar artery
Anterior to the PSA artery what is the next artery to branch off the infraorbital artery?
Anterior superior alveolar artery
What teeth does the posterior superior alveolar artery supply?
Upper molars and premolars
What teeth does the anterior superior alveolar artery supply?
Incisors and canines
The maxillary artery branches into two palatine arteries, what are they called?
Greater and lesser palatine artery, inferior to the descending palatine artery
What part of the palate do the greater and lesser palatine arteries supply?
Greater - hard palate
Lesser - soft palate
What is the large vein called that is lateral to the hyoid bone and meets the subclavian veins?
Internal jugular vein
What is the large network of veins that the IA vein branches off?
Pterygoid venous plexus
What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
To drain lymph
What are the lymph nodes in the neck called?
Deep cervical nodes
What are the three salivary glands?
Parotid, sublingual and submandibular
What are the two nerves that stimulate salivation?
Facial and glossopharyngeal
Is salivation autonomic?
Yes
In the parotid gland where does the duct open in salivation?
In vestibule opposite upper second molar crown
What nerve innervates the parotid gland?
Glossopharyngeal
What nerve innervates the sublingual and submandibular glands?
Facial (sensory taste)
Outline the secretomotor nerve pathways to the parotid gland?
-Glossopharyngeal nerve via tympanic plexus, then as lesser petrosal nerve to otic ganglion, meets a synapse, post ganglionic fibres pass to gland in auriculotemporal nerve
Outline the secretomotor nerve pathways to the sublingual/submandibular gland?
-Facial nerve via chorda tympani and lingual nerve to submandibular ganglion, meets a synapse, post ganglionic fibres pass to the glands
What muscle of the cheek does the parotid gland pierce?
Buccinator
Where does the submandibular single duct open at?
The sublingual papillae
Where is the series of sublingual ductules located?
Sub-lingual fold
When cell bodies cluster together what do they form?
A ganglion
What are the fibres called that leave the autonomic ganglion and travel to the gland called?
Post ganglionic fibres
What does the tympanic nerve temporarily break up into?
A network of nerve fibres called the tympanic plexus
What does the nerve fibres of the tympanic plexus come together to form?
The lesser petrosal nerve
What does the lesser petrosal nerve leave through?
The foramen ovale
What does the auriculotemporal nerve do?
Transmits post ganglionic fibres to the parotid gland
Where does the chorda tympani carry pre ganglionic fibres of the facial nerve to?
Infra-temporal fossa
Which nerve supplies taste and sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Lingual (general)
Facial (taste)
Which nerve supplies taste and sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Glossopharyngeal
Which nerve supplies the muscles of the tongue?
Hypoglossal
What are the four muscles of mastication?
Temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid
What is the function of the masseter?
Elevates mandible
What is the nerve that innervates the masseter?
Mandibular nerve
Where does the masseter insert?
Lateral surface of ramus of the mandible
What is the origin of the mandible?
Zygomatic arch
What is the function of the temporalis muscle?
Elevation and refraction of mandible
What is the nerve that innervates the temporalis muscle?
V3 - mandibular nerve
Where does the temporalis insert?
Coronoid process of mandible
What is the origin of the temporalis?
Temporal aspect of skull
What is the function of the medial pterygoid muscle?
Mainly elevation
What is the nerve that innervates the medial pterygoid muscle?
Mandibular nerve
Where does the medial pterygoid muscle insert?
Deep surface of the ramus
What is the origin of the medial pterygoid muscle?
Maxilla and medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid
What is the function of the upper head of the lateral pterygoid muscle?
Controls articular disc position during closing
What is the function of the lower head of the lateral pterygoid muscle?
Anterior translation (sliding) of the mandibular head during opening
What is the nerve that innervates the lateral pterygoid muscle?
Mandibular - V3
Where does the lateral pterygoid muscle insert?
Lower - Condylar process
Upper - TMJ (articular disc)
What is the origin of the lateral pterygoid muscle?
Sphenoid (mainly lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate)
What is the action of the digastric muscle?
Opens mouth
Which nerve innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?
Mandibular
What nerve innervates the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?
Facial (VII)
What are the tubercles called near the hyoid bone?
Superior genial
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
The muscles of the pharynx are mostly supplied by what nerve?
Vagus
What are the three extrinsic muscles of the tongue and what do they do?
Styloglossus - origin styloid process - lifts tongue upwards and backwards
Hyoglossus - origin hyoid bone - pulls tongue downwards
Genioglossus - origin superior genial tubercles of mandible - protrudes the tongue
What do the horizontal, vertical and longitudinal intrinsic fibres of the tongue do?
Horizontal - make tongue narrower
Vertical - make tongue thinner vertically
Longitudinal - superior and inferior groups curve the tip up (superior) or down (inferior)
What are the three circular muscles of the pharynx?
Superior, middle and inferior constrictors
What are the three longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
Salpingopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus
In the oesophagus, are the circular muscles inside the longitudinal muscles?
Yes
From which organ does the blood from the stomach and intestines travel back to the heart?
Liver
Increased pressure in the veins that supply the liver is called what?
Portal hypertension
If abnormally dilated veins in the lower end of the oesophagus rupture what life threatening event can happen?
Haematemesis
