Organic

Question 1

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 1

Compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only

Question 2

What is the structural Formula

Answer 2

Arrangements of groups within a compound, by grouping together the molecules into groups such as Ch3,

Question 3

What is a homologous series

Answer 3

Group of chemicals with similar properties and share a general formula

Question 4

What is an addition reaction

Answer 4

Two molecules combine to create one larger molecule, but with no other products

Eg halogenation of Allen’s

Question 5

What is elimination

Answer 5

Two substituents from a molecule are removed, normally one of which is hydrogen, resulting in the desaturation of a carbon chain

Question 6

What is substitution

Answer 6

One functional group of a molecule is replaced by another

Eg halogenation of alkanes

Question 7

What is oxidation

Answer 7

A species which undergo a reaction where it loses one or more electrons

Question 8

What is Reduction

Answer 8

Where a species undergoes a reaction where it gains one or more electrons

Question 9

What is hydrolysis

Answer 9

A molecule breaks into 2 smaller molecules using up a water molecule in the reaction,

Eg sucrose being hydrolysed into fracture or glucose

Question 10

What is polymerisation

Answer 10

The reaction between monomers to form a repeating chain polymer.

Eg, several ethane molecules react to form polyethene

Question 11

What is structural isomerism

Answer 11

Compounds can have the same molecular formulas, but different structural formulas. These are structural isomers. Alkyl groups are in different places, functional groups are in different places, functional groups rearranged into different functional groups

Eg propan-1-ol, and propan-2-ol, or methoylethane, which has the o in the middle of the chains.

Question 12

What is stereoisomerism

Answer 12

Compounds with th same structural formula but with different arrangements of atoms in space. There can be stereoisomers of alkenes die to the double bond being unable to rotate.

Question 13

Why can’t alkenes rotate?

Answer 13

This would mean the break of the pi bond in the double bond alkenes have. This requires a lot of energy.

Question 14

What is geometric isomerism

Answer 14

Must be two different types of atoms attached to each of the carbon in the double bond,
E and Z isomers.
The highest molecular weight substitent has the highest priority and so on. If the highest priorities are in th same size of the double bond, it is the z isomer. If on opposite sides, they are E isomer

Question 15

What is the cis and trans isomerism

Answer 15

Appropriate if the molecule has the same groups attached. Of both sides have the same group, it is the cis isomer. If on different dishes, trans,

Question 16

What are the sources on alkane fuels?

Answer 16

Fractional distillation, cracking, reforming.

Question 17

What is fractional distillation?

Answer 17

Using a fractionating column, and liquid which contains several types of alkanes which are distilled. Alkanes are purified according to their chain length and boiling point,

Question 18

What is cracking

Answer 18

Crude oil is treated with high temperature to break down long chains into smaller ones

Question 19

What is reforming

Answer 19

Processing straight chain hydrocarbons into branched chain alkanes and cyclic hydrocarbons for efficient combustion

Question 20

Why is combustion bad?

Answer 20

Creates pollutants.
Carbon monoxide, tonic to humans, replaces oxygen in RBC, colourless
, odourless and tasteless,
Oxides of nitrogen and sulfur. Contribute to acid rain and damage to the environment. Erodes limestone
Carbon particulates
Unburied hydrocarbons

Question 21

What is a catalytic converters?

Answer 21

Used to solve problems caused by pollutants.
Coverts To is pollutant classes Into less harmful gases by catalysing a redox reaction. In the reaction, oxygen is removed from oxide nitrogen which is reduction. This breaks of those compounds into nitrogen and oxygen gases, which are harmless. And then hydrocarbons are released with oxygen in combustion, to make carbon dioxide and water., carbon dioxide is also pollutant but it is better than the others.