Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry > Inorganic And Physical > Flashcards

Inorganic And Physical Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

what states are group 7 Elements in?

A

Cl and f are gases. Br is liquid and i2 and as is solid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is astatine a solid?

A

As the number of electrons increases the amount of London’s forces increase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Reaction between chloride with cold dilute sodium hydroxide to create bleach

A

Cl2 + 2NaOH > NaClO + NaCl +H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of reaction is the formation of bleach from chloride and sodium hydroxide?

A

Disproportionation reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What would be observed with HBr reacting with NH3

A

White smoke of the NH3Br

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is electronegativity

A

The ability of an atom to attract bonded electrons in a covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why does clF3 have polarity?

A

Fluoride is more electronegative that cl at 4.0, therefor fl has partially negative Charge and cl has partially positive charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the number of ions in 9.53g ofmagneshim chloride?

Mgcl2

A

Mass %mr equals the moles. 0.1 moles
Times the moles by the amount of ions, therefore x3 in this case.
0.3 x 6.02 x1023= 1.81 x 1023

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the structure of a 1+ ion of the carbon 13 isotope

A

6 protons (like the normal c12) 7 neutrons due to the extra neutron, and 5 electrons as it has a 1+ charge therefore take away one electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Calculate the relative atomic mass of 5.00g sample of lithium. 0.460g is lithium 6.
Relative isotopic mass: 6:6.015 7: 7.016

A

Mass of lithium 7: 4.54. relative atomic mass = 0.460 x 6.015 divided by 5 = 6.92

Mass of lithium 7 is 4.74
Use the g of lithium 6 and the relative isotopic mass and divide by the total number of grams to get the relative atomic mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the conditions of pV= nRT

A 
P pressure is in Pa 
V volume in m2. To convert cm3 to m3: x1000000
N number of moles 
R restive 8.31 j mol-1 k-1 
T temp at Kal in
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why would a student repeat an experiment there times?

A

To get a mean volume and to DISCLUDE AND TAKE OUT any anomalies or random errors. Discard them
To identify precise results and USE THEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why would the volume of measured hydrogen gas be different than the expected?

A

Loss of hydrogen to the surroundings as it escapes from the apparatus. Could use a more secure apparatus, eg conical flask with gas syringe.
The ribbon of the metal it came from may have oxides on the surface. Can clean with an abrasive before weighing
Mass of metal is smaller than thought. Can use more precise measuring things
A measuring cylinder can’t measure volume accurately. Use smaller one, Burnett or conical flask with gas syringe,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What metal produces a lilac flame

A

Potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain electronic transitions

A

Electron is at grounded state, then they jump to a higher level called the exited state and them fall back down, this fall is when energy is released and the colour can be seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which solution produces a white precipitate with acidified barium chloride solution?

A

Magnesium sulphate, the product is baso4 which is a white solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What kind of solutions will react with dilute HNO3 and silver nitrate and what would b the result

A

Anything with a chlorine etc in

If chlorine, will be a white precipitate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens when HCL and sodium carbonate solution react together? And what is the ionic equation

A

Effervescence

2h+ + co3^2- >co2 + h2o

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Calculate undiluted nitric acid from a volume of 19.95 cm3 and 0.08 moldm3 sodium hydroxide. With 100gdm-3 of concentrated nitric acid ( what are the steps)

A

First you have to calculate the amount of mole of the subastance which you know most about. Ie number of moles of Naohand then the ratio is equal
Find the concentration of dilute nitric acid in moldm-3 by using the moles over 25 x 100. Moles over volume
Find the concentration of the undiluted nitric acid, by using the concentration of diluted and then dividing it by 10. As they diluted 10 cm3.
Conversion of Moldm-3 to gdm-3 which is x63.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you work out the atom economy

A

Atom economy= the mr of the one you want to find % by the total mr of all the products then x by 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is the bond angle in water less than the bond angle in ammonia?

A

Oxygen has a lone pair MORE than ammonia and therefore repels more from the lone pair - bonded pair repulsion.
The repulsion from the oxygen lone pair is greater and reduces the bond angle, lone pair-lone pair repulsion is greater than lone pair -bonded pair repulsion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why are sulfur- oxide bonds and oxygen hydrogen bonds lengths different?

A

Sukfur is a marker atom and therefore has a larger atomic radius and more shells of electrons than oxygen.
Therefore, sulfur has a greater inner sheep shielding than oxygen, and more repulsion from the inner shells
Which reduces the nuclear attraction for the bonding electrons, resulting in a longer bond length.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Explain why the difference in the rates of reaction of strontium and barium with water is due to the difference in the sun of their first and second ionisations energies.

A

The sum of the first 2 ionisation energies for barium is LOWER due to barium listing it’s outer electrons more easily.
Barium is a bigger atom and has a lager atomic radium and more shells.
Therefore barium has more shielding
These exert greater influence than strontium
Barium has more protons and a greater nuclear charge,
Barium reacts faceted and is more reactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Explain why magnesium nitrate decomposes more readily on nesting than potassium nitrate

A

Magnesium ion is smaller than the potassium ion.
Mg has ions with a higher charge than k. Mg is 2+ whereas k is 1+
Mg ion polarises nitrate ion more, and distorts the electron cloud of nitrate ion more,
So the weakening of the N-O bonds are more, so the wearing of the nitrate bonds is more.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is an apparatus which can be used to compare the ease of thermal decomposition of lithium carbonate and magnesium carbonate

A

Sample of the carbonate can be heated
Delivery tube into lime water
Gas collected in a gas syringe
Boiling tube containing solid and is being heated. With a delivery tube with a bung into a test tube which contains limewater.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How would you make sure the experiment was fair?

A

Same Bunsen setting, same distance away from the flame and the test tube.
Same depth/volume of limewater and same amount of metal carbonate.

27
Q

How would you get results from an experiment?

A

Time taken for limewater to go cloudy, and time for given volume to be produced, for the example with the gas syringe

28
Q

Which structure and bonding is magnesium oxide?

A

Giant ionic

29
Q

Explain by using oxidation number of all the atoms. Whether or not a reaction is redox

S8 + AgF2 > S2F2 + AgF

A

S is 0 to +2 an therefore is oxidised
Ag is +2 to +1 therefore reduced.
F doesn’t change it’s oxidation number, therefore is a redox reaction

30
Q

What are the typical physical properties of metals

A

Hight melting and boiling temperature. Strong electrostatic attractions between metal ions and delocalised electrons.
Good electrical conductivity or thermal conductivity due to the delocalised electrons
Malleability and ductility, the layers of positive ions can easily slide over each other.
High density, the ions are tightly packed due to the strong attractions between them.

31
Q

A phosphorus atom has a mass number of 31 . How many of each sub particle are present in the phosphate ion P -3?

A

15 protons, 16 neutron and 18 electrons, due to the portion and neutron number tpneing the same, but three electrons are gained, proton and neutron number equals the mass number, therefore 15 + 16 is 31

32
Q

Why does a phosphorous chloride III molecules have a pyrinidal shape and bond angles less than 109.5?

A

Phosphorus III have one lone pair, and 3 blondes pairs. Lone pair to bonded pair repulsion is bigger than bonded bonded delusion, therefore it is an able less that 109.5. To minimise resolution, these pairs are as fair apart as possible e

33
Q

What is the polarity of the P Cl bond?

A

Polarity of the bond is polar, and due to the structure of PlCL3, the shape is pyramidal and therefore the structure is polar also, as the bonds aren’t symmetrical

34
Q

Phosphorus has one naturally occurring isotope with mass number 31. Cl exists in 2 naturally occurring Isotopes. 37and 35. What is the mass charge ratio and formula for the ions responsible for the molecular ion peaks in the mass spectrum of pcl3?

A

P(35Cl)3+ has 136
P(35Cl)2 37 Cl + has 138
P(35Cl) (37Cl)2+ has 140
P(37Cl)3+ mad 142

35
Q

Why is a certain reaction redox?

A

If one oxidises, it Increases it’s oxidation number. Reduces if it decreases oxidationnumber,
One element saptays the SAMEA in oxidation numbe r
And therefore it is redox

36
Q

Why does calcium nitrate decompose in th same way, but needs a higher temp than magnesium nitrate?

A

Size: ca has a larger ionic radium,
Polarising power; ca2+ causes less polarisation
What is polarised; nitrate is polarised. Can also say NOe3, anion, negatively charged, etc

37
Q

Explain why the boiling point increases from chlorine to iodine

A

Going down the group, the number of electrons increases, therefore the strength of the London and instantaneous dimple-indulged dipole increases. And more energy is needed to separate the molecules.

38
Q

Which one out of KCl, KBr and KI is the stronglrd reducing agent, with reference to conc H2SO4

A

Iodine ions are the strongest, as they reduce the compound the most- the oxidation number changes the most. (State oxidation number)
Bromide ions reduces it less.
Cl reduces it even less, with the smallest change in oxidation number. May even be no changes

39
Q

On an electrode potential list, which one would oxidise a substance?

A

The one which is irectly below the one wanting to be oxides, the one increasing in volts,

40
Q

What is the electronic configuration of iron II

A

No electrons in the 4s orbital, and 6 in the 3 d

41
Q

Why are zinc ions colourless?

A

Zinc ions have a full 3 d sub shell, which means no electrons can become excluded and jump to a higher electron energy level. D-d transitions cannot take place and electrons cannot be promoted

42
Q

How would you draw the structure of a ligand?

A

You would show the arrows pointing towards the central/main element. With the overall charge written outside square brackets

43
Q

Why are reactions feasible in terms of entropy?

A

There are more particles and moles on the right hand side of the equation, therefore an increase in the system entropy which is positive. And therefore feasible. Due to the surroundings staying the same

44
Q

How would you right the formation enthalhy change of aluminium oxide?

A

2Al s + 1.5 O2 g > Al2O3 s

45
Q

How do ou calculate the bond enthalpy by using the mean bond enthalpies in the table.

A

Calculation of energy needed to break the bonds, calculation of energy released when bonds are made
Calculate the mean bond enthaly

46
Q

What is the expression got entropy total

A

Entropy system - enthaly heat divide temperature

47
Q

How do you calculate the Gibbs energy that is decomposition is not feasible and then calculate the niminum temperature to which calcium carbonate must be heated to make it decompose

A

Calculate Gibbs: heat energy - temperature system over 1000
If positive, it isn’t feasible
Calculate T, the temperature which it is feasible. Heat energy over the system which is divided by 1000. Temp should be oven in K

48
Q

How would you show the ionic bonding of a compound

A

Draw each atom separately, with the borrowed of taken away electrons, with the charge next to square brackets on each dot and cross atom.

49
Q

What conditions is mgbr2 in when it condicts electricity?

A

Molten or liquid AND dissolved in water , in aqueous solution.

50
Q

What do you need to remember when calculating a missing area in born Hager cycle?

A

To double to number if there is more than one atom or ion.

And to DOOUBL CHECK

51
Q

Explain why the first ionisation energy if magnesium is higher than that of sodium

A

Nuclear charge- the mg atom has more protons than the sodium atom
Shielding- the outer electron in mg atom is in th same quantum shell as Na. Therefore the shielding is similar
Attraction- the forces of attraction between the nucleus and the outer electron is greater in the mg

52
Q

How do you calculate temperature change in an acid base neutralisation reaction?

A

Calculate the number of moles used.
Calculate the energy for that number of moles energy releases times the enthaly change (eco or endo figure)
Calculate the temperature change, and give to 2 sf as a school thermometer cannot measure to 3. But 3 may still allow marks.
Temperature change: energy divided by volume x specific heat capacity

53
Q

Comment on the relative enthaly changes of reaction.

hcl- -58, Nictric acid -58 sulfuric acid -115 ethanolic acid -56

A

Hydrochloric acid and nitric acid at the same value as they are strong and completely dissociated into ions,
The reaction that takes place is H plus +8 minus goes to water or H30 plus plus 0H minus goes to 2 H2O
Sulphuric acid is diprotic or dibasic. One mole of sulphuric acid provides 2 moles of hydrogen ions which produces 2 moles of H2O
So the value is twice that of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid
Ethanolic acid is weak and partially dissociated in the ions.
Ethanolic acid goes to ethanolic salt plus hydrogen ions, Some energy is needed to break and H bonds to release H plus ions so entropy change of neutralisation is less than for a strong acid or
And to be change of neutralisation includes the entropy of dissociating of ethnic acid so is less endothermic

54
Q

What is the approximate pH of the solution after is dilutedby fact of 100
Glycolic acid of concentration 0.1 miles has a pH of 2.4

A

3.4

55
Q

How do you work out the concentration of a solution which you have the P H of

A

.So first you have to calculate the H plus ions. You do this by doing 10 to the power of PH
Then, you use the expression related K a OH plus and the compound wanted. You do this, by the KA expression of acid over HA
Then you do the calculation of the acid you do this by the H plus ions divided by the K a value

56
Q

What indicator would you use photograph which curves and slopes them down at pH of three and start at the pH of 13

A

You would use phenol bread which goes to red to Orange, or, phenolphthalein Which goes red/pink to colourless. The pH range of the indicator in the vertical region. But indicated would change colour in the vertical or straight steep region of the craft. PH range of indicating pH range of vertical feature of the graph stated as long as they overlap

57
Q

Why is the value for Ka approximately bigger than another acid?
Eg glycolic acid and ethanoic acid

A

The extra OH group/hydroxyl group attracts electrons

This stabilises the anion, or weakens the OH bond in the acid so hydrogen is lost more easily

58
Q

Write ionic equation for HPO42- and H2po4- to show how solution acts as a buffer

A

HPO42- + h+ > h2po4-

H2po4- + oh- > HPO42- + h2o

59
Q

How do you calculate the ph of a buffer solution?

A 
1 Calculate amount of salt:
conc x vol % 1000
2 Calculate initial amount of acid : 
Conc x vol % 1000
3 calculate amount of acid left: 
2 minus 1 
4 Calculate amount of h+: 
Ka salt over acid equation 
5 Calculate the ph : 
-log(h+)
60
Q

Why is the partial pressure of a molecule not included in an expressions?

A

If it’s a solid, it’s not included in the equation
Solid is constant
Doesn’t contribute to total pressure

61
Q

What is the effect of an increase of temperature on the equilibrium position?

A

Increase in pressure shifts the equilibrium to the side with the least amount of molecules.

Fewer molecules on … therefore equilibrium shifts to the ..

62
Q

Explain effect of an increase in Temp on the equilibrium

A

Increase temp shifts to the W other mid side. If forward is endothermic, more product will be made
Kp value would increase- more product and higher nominator

63
Q

How do you acculate the Kp ?

A

Calculate moles of each substance at equilibrium
Calculate partial pressures of each substance; total moles divided by equilibrium moles
Calculate kp: products % reactants
Work out the units

64
Q

1 mol of CO was mixed with 1 mol of steam, 2 mol of CO2 and 2 mol of H2.
Which direction in which the reaction will shift to reach equilibrium ?

A

(CO2) (H2) % (CO) (H2O)
Concentration must be equal to the conc of of the reactants at equilibrium
Conc of CO2 and H2 (products) drecreases
So reactants shift to the left

Chemistry (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions