Organic 2

Question 1

Kekules model

Answer 1

Six members ring of carbon atoms joint by alternate single and double bonds

Question 2

Disproving kekules model

Answer 2

Lack of reactivity should act like an alkane does not decolourise bromine water
the Length of the carbon bonds were in the middle of double and single and
hydrogenation enthalpies expected to be 3x that of a single H2 enthalpy

Question 3

Reactions of benzene

Answer 3

Electrophilic substitution
Nitration
halogenation
alkylation

Question 4

Conditions for nitration of benzene

Answer 4

+HNO3

<50 degrees
H2SO4 catalyst

Question 5

Halogenation of benzene

Answer 5

Halogen Cartier catalyst

3 step mechanism

Question 6

Reactions of phenol

Answer 6

Neutralisation (strong acid)
Electrophilic substitution
Nitration
Halogenation

Question 7

Nitration of phenol

Answer 7

Room temp
HNO3
2,4 directing
Mixture of products

Question 8

Bromination of phenol

Answer 8

2,4,6 directing
Rtp
No halogen Carrier
3Br2

Question 9

Activating groups

Answer 9

React fast with electrophiles
NH2
O
-R
-halogens
2,4,6
Many substitution

Question 10

Deactivating groups

Answer 10

Slow reactions
COOH
CHO
NO2
3,5
Mono substitution

Question 11

Reactions of aldehydes

Answer 11

Oxidation
Nucleophilic addition: reduction (NaBH4)
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)

Question 12

Reactions of ketones

Answer 12

Nucleophilic addition
Reduction with NaBH4
HCN

Question 13

Reduction of aldehyde/ketones

Answer 13

NaBH4/H2O

Warmed

Question 14

Aldehyde/ketone with HCN

Answer 14

NaCN/H2SO4

Increases length of C chain

Question 15

Testing for carbonyls

Answer 15

Brady’s reagent
2,4-DNP dissolved in methanol and H2SO4
Pale orange/yellow solution
Carbonyl forms yellow/orange ppt

Question 16

Test for aldehydes

Answer 16

Tollens reagent
AgNO3 in NH3(aq)
Ag+ +e- ——> Ag
Reduced
Forms silver mirror

Question 17

Reactions of COOH

Answer 17

Redox with metals
Neutralisation
Esterification
Making derivatives (acyl chlorides)

Question 18

Test for COOH

Answer 18

Add metal carbonate
CO2 produced
Turns limewater milky

Question 19

Esterification

Answer 19

COOH and OH

Warmed with conc. H2SO4

Question 20

Acid hydrolysis of esters

Answer 20

Dilute aqueous acid
Under reflux
Products=COOH and alcohol
Reversible

Question 21

Alkaline hydrolysis of esters

Answer 21

Aqueous oh- ions
Under reflux
Forms carboxylate ion and alcohol
Irreversible

Question 22

Preparation of acyl chloride

Answer 22

COOH and thionyl chloride (SOCl2)
Produced acyl chloride
So2
HCl

Question 23

Reactions of acyl chlorides

Answer 23

React with alcohol and phenols to form esters- no catalyst

React with H2O to form COOH and HCl

Question 24

Formation of primary amines

Answer 24

2 steps

1) haloalkane+ ammonia
2) ammonium salt+NaOH

Question 25

Preparation of aromatic amines

Answer 25

+6[H]

Sn/conc.HCl

Question 26

Condensation polymerisation definition

Answer 26

The joining of monomers with the loss of a small molecule (H2O)

Question 27

Alkylation of benzene

Answer 27

Haloalkane and AlCl3