Organic Flashcards
Molecular formula
actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
Empirical formula
simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a molecule
Alkene test
bromine water: orange to colourless
Alcohol test
acidified potassium dichromate: orange to green
carboxylic acid test
carbonate; bubbles
test for CO2
limewater turns milky
aldehyde test
- CHO, …anal
- Tollen’s; silver mirror
- Fehling’s; brick red ppt
amine test
- red litmus turns blue
Structural isomerism
same molecular formula, different structural formula
stereoisomerism
same structural formula, different arrangement of atoms in space
what causes geometric isomerism
restricted rotation about C=C
what is optical isomerism
- chiral centre
- 2 non-super imposable images
Thiol
- S-H bond
- ….thiol e.g. butanethiol
amine vs amide
- amine: NH2
- amide: ONH2 (double bonded)
what types of molecules give a POSITIVE inductive effect
- LESS electronegative than C
what types of molecules give a NEGATIVE inductive effect
- MORE electronegative than C
Alkyne
- triple bonded C C
- …yne e.g. butyne
Substitution
- displaces another functional group i.e. Br for OH
Elimination
- removes functional group
- 1 into 2
Addition
- adds functional group
- 2 into 1
Nucleophile
e- pair donor (usually negative)
Electrophile
e- pair acceptor (usually positive)
