- chain (different arrangements) - positional (functional group is on a different carbon) - functional group (same atoms in different functional groups) - optical (a central atom with 4 different groups attached to it)

- 2cm of 0.1M silver nitrate in test tube - add 3 drops dilute NaOH solution (light brown PPT should form) - add dilute ammonia until brown PPT dissolves - place into water bath and add 10 drops of unknown substance Aldehyde - silver mirror Ketone - no change

- contain the same functional group - same general formula

organic Flashcards by Isobel Sanders

Structural formula

Shows the atoms carbon by carbon
CH3 CH3 CH2OH

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types of isomers

chain (different arrangements)
positional (functional group is on a different carbon)
functional group (same atoms in different functional groups)
optical (a central atom with 4 different groups attached to it)

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unburnt hydrocarbons + nitrogen oxides

nitrogen oxides formed in high temp and pressures of engines
react with hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight to form ground level ozone (irritates eyes, breathing problems and lung damage)

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alkenes + hydrogen halide
(name mechanism and conditions)

halogenoalkane
electrophilic addition

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halogenoalkane + hydroxide (ethanol)
(name mechanism and conditions)

alkene
ethanolic potassium hydroxide warm under reflux.
elimination

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which homologous series is propene from

alkenes

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sulfur as a pollutant

when sulfur is burnt it produces sulfur dioxide
this dissolves into the moisture in the atmosphere and is converted into sulfuric acid
this causes acid rain, which corrodes buildings and damages vegetation.

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incomplete combustion of alkanes

produces carbon monoxide (CO)
— poisonous - binds to hemoglobin so no oxygen can travel in blood
— can be removed by catalytic converters

also produces carbon
– soot causes breathing problems

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what are used instead of CFCs now

HFCs (contains no chlorine)

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which homologous series is ethanoic acid from

carboxylic acids

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alkyl hydrogen sulfates + cold water
(name mechanism and conditions)

hydrolyses to form an alcohol when warmed

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halogenoalkanes + cyanide
(name mechanism and conditions)

nitriles
warmed ethanolic potassium cyanide
nucleophilic substitution

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which homologous series is propane from

alkanes

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molecular formula

the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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whats a CFC

Chlorofluorocarbon
- no hydrogens present

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oxidation of primary alcohols

+ [O] = aldehyde (distillation)
+ [O] = carboxylic acid (reflux)

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which homologous series is propanone from

ketones

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Tollens reagent

2cm of 0.1M silver nitrate in test tube
add 3 drops dilute NaOH solution (light brown PPT should form)
add dilute ammonia until brown PPT dissolves
place into water bath and add 10 drops of unknown substance

Aldehyde - silver mirror
Ketone - no change

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halogenoalkanes + hydroxides (aq)
(name mechanism and conditions)

alcohols
warm aqueous sodium hydroxide
nucleophilic substitution

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method to name organic compounds

count longest continuous carbon chain
identify main functional group
number carbons and put main group on lowest number
add other side chains in alphabetical order

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homologous compound

contain the same functional group
same general formula

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general formula of alkanes

Cn H 2n+2

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general formula for alkenes

Cn H2n

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what is a free radical

a particle with unpaired electrons
very reactive

which homologous series is chloroethane from

halogenoalkanes

which homologous series is cyclohexane from

cycloalkanes

test for aldehyde / ketone

Fehling's / Benedict's solution - add 2 drops - add 5 drops of substance - warm gently Aldehyde - blue - brick red Ketone - nothing

displayed formula

shows how the atoms are arranged

Skeletal formula

shows bonds of carbons only /\/\/\__OH

How is ozone formed

O2 --(UV)----> 2 O radicals O2 + O radical = O3

How is ozone depleted

- Chlorine free radicals formed from CFC and UV light - free radicals react with ozone to form ClO radicals and O2 - overall 2O3 = 3O2

production of ethanol by fermentation conditions

- glucose is fermented by yeast in anaerobic conditions - produces ethanol and CO2 - 30-40C

production of ethanol by hydration of alkenes conditions

- alkene is hydrated using steam in the presence of phosphoric (V) acid catalyst - 300 C - 60 atm

general formula

algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds (CnH2n)

three stages of free radical substitution

Initiation - produces free radicals , requires sunlight (photodissociation) Propagation - free radicals used up - Cl radical attacks a methane molecule - methyl free radical attacks a Cl2 molecule Termination - Free radicals add together to cancel out

which homologous series is methylamine from

amines

test and results to determine if an alcohol is 1/2 or 3

- 2cm acidified potassium dichromate - warm gently - primary / secondary - orange to green - tertiary - nothing happens

Test for carboxylic acids

- 2cm of unknown substance - 1 spatula of solid sodium carbonate / 2cm of sodium carbonate solution - if it fizzes, test gas with limewater If present - solution will fizz + CO2 produced (limewater goes cloudy)

which homologous series is methyl propane from

branched alkanes

which homologous series is ethyl ethanoate from

esters

types of cracking

Thermal - high temp (1000) - high pressure (70 atm) - produces a lot of alkenes ---- which can make polymers Catalytic - zeolite catalyst - slight pressure - high temp (450) - produces aromatic hydrocarbons + motor fuels

which homologous series is ethanol from

alcohols

halogenoalkanes + ammonia (name mechanism and conditions)

amines warm excess ethanolic ammonia nucleophilic substitution

how does fractional distillation work

- crude oil is vaporised to 350 - put into fractionating column - longest hydrocarbons don't vaporise, so stay at bottom - further up the column gets cooler - as the hydrocarbons have different boiling points, they condense at different levels.

empirical formula

the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound CH2 for C6H12

which homologous series is ethanamide from

amides

oxidation of secondary alcohols

+ [O] = ketone

which homologous series is ethanal from

aldehydes

how can sulfur dioxide be removes from gases in power stations

- calcium carbonate mixed with water to make alkaline slurry - sulfur dioxide mixed with this to form calcium sulfite (harmless salt)

alcohols to alkenes

elimination conc sulfuric acid

complete combustion of alkanes

- releases lots of energy - produces CO2 and H2O

methylbenzene

arenes

which homologous series is ethanoyl chloride from

acyl chloride

alkenes + cold conc sulfuric acid (name mechanism and conditions)

alkyl hydrogen sulfates electrophilic addition

Electrophile definition

electron pair acceptors

Enantiomers

a pair of molecules which are mirror images of one another but cannot be superimposed upon the other