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Chemistry > Organic 1 + 2 * > Flashcards

Organic 1 + 2 * Flashcards

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1
Q

What gases were present at the formation of the Earth’s atmosphere?

A

carbon dioxide and water vapour (from volcanoes)

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2
Q

How did the Earth’s atmosphere form?

A
  • ozone layer forms, allowing evolution of complex organisms
  • earth cooled
  • water vapour fell as rain and formed oceans
  • CO2 dissolved in oceans
  • green plants evolved, used up CO2, formed O2
  • overall CO2 decrease, O2 increase
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3
Q

What are the main gases in the atmosphere today?

A

78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
1% argon
0.04% carbon dioxide

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4
Q

What is crude oil?

A

a mixture of lots of hydrocarbons which boil at different temperatures

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5
Q

How and why is crude oil separated?

A

using fractional distillation to make it more useful

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6
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

a compound made up of only hydrogen and carbon

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7
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

a compound with a central framework of carbon atoms with hydrogen and other atoms attached

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8
Q

What is a fossil fuel?

A

formed from the remains of dead organisms over millions of years

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9
Q

Fill the gaps :

  • The hydrocarbons in crude oil all contain different numbers of _____ ____ between 1 and over __
  • The ______ the number of carbons, the lower the ______ _____, and the more ______ the hydrocarbon is
  • Fractions of hydrocarbons with the _____ boiling points will go to the ___ of the fractioning tower where the temperature is ______
  • These hydrocarbons are removed as ___
  • The other fractions ________ lower down and are removed as _____
  • The ______ __ the tower, the _____ the number of fractions (of hydrocarbons), the lower the _______ _____, the _____ the carbon atoms, the lower the _______, the more ________, the colour gets _____
A
  • The hydrocarbons in crude oil all contain different numbers of carbon atoms between 1 and over 25
  • The lower the number of carbons, the lower the boiling point, and the more volatile the hydrocarbon is
  • Fractions of hydrocarbons with the lowest boiling points will go to the top of the fractioning tower where the temp is coolest
  • These hydrocarbons are removed as gas
  • The other fractions condense lower down and are removed as liquids
  • The higher up the tower, the lower the number of fractions (of hydrocarbons), the lower the boiling points, the fewer the carbon atoms, the lower the viscosity, the more flammable, the colour gets lighter
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10
Q

What are these used for?

  • Refinery gases -
  • Gasoline -
  • Kerosene -
  • Diesel -
  • Fuel oil -
  • Bitumen -
A
  • Refinery gases - domestic heating and cooking
  • Gasoline - fuel for cars
  • Kerosene - fuel for aircraft
  • Diesel - fuel for cars, trains
  • Fuel oil - fuel for large ships, power stations
  • Bitumen - surfacing roads
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11
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

a series of organic compounds in the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2- (like a family of compounds)

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12
Q

What are the chemical formulas for these alkanes?

Methane =
Ethane =
Propane =
Butane =

A

Methane = CH4
Ethane = C2H6
Propane = C3H8
Butane = C4H10

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13
Q

What is incomplete combustion?

A

needs reduced oxygen and produces carbon monoxide, soot, and water

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14
Q

List 2 problems caused by incomplete combustion

A

Carbon monoxide it a toxic gas which prevents the uptake of oxygen
Soot can cause breathing problems, blacken/stain buildings, block pipes

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15
Q

Fill the gaps :

  • Hydrocarbon fuels sometimes contain _____ compounds which react with oxygen to form _____ ______ (SO2-)
  • _____ ______ dissolves in clouds to form _______ _____ (acid rain)
  • Acid rain causes crops to not grow, _______ in lakes and rivers can kill fish and insects, increases the rate of ________ of buildings, increases the rate of ______ of metals
A
  • Hydrocarbon fuels sometimes contain sulphur compounds which react with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide (SO2-)
  • Sulphur dioxide dissolves in clouds to form sulphurous acid (acid rain)
  • Acid rain causes crops to not grow, acidity in lakes and rivers can kill fish and insects, increases the rate of weathering of buildings, increases the rate of corrosion of metals
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16
Q

What is catalytic cracking?

A

Catalytic cracking converts the longer-chain alkanes into more useful short-chain alkanes (fuels) and alkenes (starting chemicals for plastics)

17
Q

Why are shorter hydrocarbons in higher demand?

A

they are unsaturated and very reactive

18
Q

What are the chemical formulae for these alkenes?

Ethene =
Propene =
But-1-ene =
But-2-ene =

A

Ethene = C2H4
Propene = C3H6
But-1-ene = C4H8
But-2-ene = C4H8

19
Q

What does unsaturated mean?

A

a molecule that contains 1 or more double bonds between carbon atoms in a chain

20
Q

How are alkenes made?

A

they are made from alkanes through catalytic cracking

21
Q

Climate change

Fill the gaps :

  • ______ _______, ______ and ______ ______ are greenhouse gases
  • Greenhouse gases absorb ____ _____ from earth and prevents it from escaping into space, which keeps the earth ______
  • Because of _________ and increased burning of _______ _______, there is now more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than before, causing the earths climate to change/get _______
A
  • Carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour are greenhouse gases
  • Greenhouse gases absorb heat energy from earth and prevents it from escaping into space, which keeps the earth warmer
  • Because of deforestation and increased burning of fossil fuels, there is now more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than before, causing the earths climate to change/get warmer
22
Q

What are alcohols?

A

organic molecules which form from a homologous series with the same general formula CnH2n+1OH (they contain the functional group -OH)

23
Q

What are the chemical formulae for these alcohols?

Methanol =
Ethanol =
Propan-1-ol =
Butan-1-ol =

A

Methanol = CH3OH
Ethanol = C2H5OH
Propan-1-ol = C3H7OH
Butan-1-ol = C4H9OH

24
Q

How is ethanol produced?

What is the word and chemical equation?

What conditions are needed?

A

fermenting yeast using plant materials like grapes

Glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 —> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

ugar in water, yeast (catalyst) and a temperature of 30 - 40 degrees

25
Q

Why are alcohols used as fuels?

A

they’re highly flammable

26
Q

What are carboxylic acids?

A

homologous series of hydrocarbons containing the functional group -COOH

27
Q

What are the chemical formulae of these acids?

Methanoic acid =
Ethanoic acid =
Propanoic acid =
Butanoic acid =

A

Methanoic acid = HCOOH
Ethanoic acid = CH3COOH
Propanoic acid = CH3CH2COOH
Butanoic acid = CH3CH2CH2COOH

28
Q

Fill the gaps :

carboxylic acids react in the ____ way as the other acids, as the _ attached to the _ can be ____ - carboxylic acids are ____

A

carboxylic acids react in the same way as the other acids, as the H attached to the O can be lost - carboxylic acids are weak

29
Q

What is a polymer?

A

a large molecule made from joining together lots of monomers (individual alkene molecules)

30
Q

Fill the gaps :

Addition polymerisation (alkenes do this) :
* Alkene molecules can ___ to themselves and form long chains called ______
* These molecules are the basic materials that _____ are made from
* The individual alkene molecules are called ______

A

Addition polymerisation (alkenes do this) :
* Alkene molecules can add to themselves and form long chains called polymers
* These molecules are the basic materials that plastics are made from
* The individual alkene molecules are called monomers

31
Q

What are the uses of these polymers?

  • poly(ethene) =
  • Poly(propene) =
  • Poly(chloroethene) =
  • Poly(tetrafluoroethene) =
A
  • poly(ethene) = strong, flexible, lightweight
  • Poly(propene) = flexible, doesn’t shatter
  • Poly(chloroethene) = tough, good insulator, can be made hard or flexible
  • Poly(tetrafluoroethene) = tough, slippery
32
Q

Are addition polymers reactive or inert?

A

inert/unreactive

33
Q

Fill the gaps :

Condensation polymerisation,
Polyesters :
* A _________ ____ and an ______ can react together to make an ester
* Many esters have a sweet smell and are used as ______
* _________ ____ + ______ —> ester + _____

A

Condensation polymerisation,
Polyesters :
* A carboxylic acid and an alcohol can react together to make an ester
* Many esters have a sweet smell and are used as perfumes
* Carboxylic acid + alcohol —> ester + water

34
Q

What is a polyester molecule?

A

a long chain molecule that contains lots of ester links

the monomer has two functional groups at each end of the molecule

35
Q

Give three problems with polyesters

A
  • The starting materials come from crude oil which is a finite resource
  • Non-biodegradable (because they are unreactive)
  • They are made of hydrocarbons which means they produce greenhouse gases
36
Q

Give three advantages of recycling polyesters

A
  • Advantages of recycling polymers:
    Conserves crude oil, new products can be made from old plastic
    Reduces the amount of waste going to landfill
    Less energy being used
37
Q

Give four disadvantages of recycling polyesters

A
  • Disadvantages of recycling polymers:
    Time consuming
    Only some can be recycled
    Greenhouse gases are produced if they are burned
    Recycled plastics can make very few products

Chemistry (16 decks)

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