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Anatomy > Organelles of the Cell > Flashcards

Organelles of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 general parts of the cell?

A

Nucleus, Plasma membrane, and cytoplasm (organelles)

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2
Q

Structure of the Nucleus

A
  • Contains chromosomes and surrounded by a membrane
  • The membrane has openings called nuclear pores that allow materials to enter and leave
  • found in eukaryotes
    -Contains the nucleolus
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3
Q

The nucleolus

A

Helps form ribosomes
RNA is manufactured here

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4
Q

Chromosomes

A

-Human somatic (body cells) cells = 46 (diploid
- human sex cells = 23 (haploid)
- rod shapes, carries genes (pieces of DNA that carry a certain trait)

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5
Q

Function of Nucleus

A

To transmit genetic info from one generation to the next. Controls all cell functions

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6
Q

Structure of Plasma Membrane

A
  • called the fluid (movement) mosaic (pattern) model
  • Made of a phospholipid bilayer, it has a phosphate group as well as two fatty acid chains
  • The phospholipid molecules have a hydrophobic, water-repelling, and hydrophilic, water-attracting side.
  • The hydrophilic ends are located towards the outside and inside of the membrane.
  • The hydrophilic ends are embedded within the membrane away from contact with water (cytoplasm, intestinal fluid).
  • two types of proteins in membrane, surface and integral
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7
Q

Function of Plasma membrane

A

Controls what enters/leaves the cell. Selectively permeable / semi-permeable

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8
Q

Integral Proteins

A
  • Penetrate the whole membrane
  • act as channel proteins, move materials in/out of the cell
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9
Q

Surface Proteins

A
  • Move along the surface; may have carbohydrate chains extending on the outside
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10
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex

A
  • distinguishes self from nonself (outside of the cell).
    Important in transplants (blood transfusion)
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11
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • steroid = helps keep fluid, mosaic membrane fluid
  • if too hot it holds the structure in place, if too cold it prevents solidification
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12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The gel-like material that fills the cells, also called cytosol. Organelle are located here

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13
Q

Structure of Mitochondria

A

-kidney bean-shaped, numerous
- double membrane; the inner membrane is curved = cristae
-the curvature increases surface area
- Have own DNA and ribosomes

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14
Q

What is Endosymbiont Theory?

A

The idea that mitochondria existed once independent from the cell

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15
Q

Function of Mitochondria

A
  • aerobic respiration takes place on the curved inner membrane
  • production of ATP, energy molecules using oxygen
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16
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

The use of oxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate, energy molecules.

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17
Q

Structure of Ribosomes

A
  • have no membrane surrounding them
18
Q

Function of Ribosomes

A
  • synthesize proteins, instructions are transmitted from DNA/RNA
  • function as enzymes = biological catalysts
  • build structures, act as antibodies
19
Q

Where are ribosomes found the most?

A

Stomach, pancreas, salivary glands

20
Q

Structure of Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Two types
- smooth ER = has no ribosomes
- Rough ER = has ribosomes, has a double membrane with a channel to allow materials to pass

21
Q

Function of Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Smooth = neutralizes toxins and drugs, helps form lipids
  • Rough = transports proteins made by ribosomes out of cells,
    -free ribosomes = make proteins used in the cell
22
Q

Which part of the body has the most mitochondria?

A

Muscles

23
Q

Which part of the body has the most smooth ER?

A

Liver

24
Q

Which part of the body has the most rough ER?

A
25
Q

Structure of Golgi Apparatus

A
  • named after the man who discovered them
  • sac like structures, flattened
  • usually found near endoplasmic reticulum
26
Q

Where are most of the Golgi Apparatus’ found?

A

Where ever there is secretion, like glands, hormones, tear ducts, mucus.

27
Q

Function of Golgi Apparatus

A
  • To package materials (proteins = enzymes) prior to shipment out of the cell.
  • these packaged materials form secretory vesicles which travel to the plasma membrane to merge and be released
28
Q

Structure of Lysosomes

A
  • stomach of the cell
  • round vesicles = contains a highly destructive enzyme that can destroy the cell if it got out
29
Q

Function of Lysosomes

A
  • To digest food,
  • to destroy foreign invaders like bacteria,
  • to destroy old and damaged cells = autolysis
30
Q

What are free radicals?

A

Highly reactive product of some metabolic reactions. These radicals can react with molecules in the cell that cause problems

31
Q

Structure of Peroxisomes

A

-rounded structure
- contain hydrogen peroxide

32
Q

Function of peroxisomes

A
  • detoxify
  • To rid the cell of all free radicals
  • convert free radicals to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
  • H2O2 is broken down by catalase
33
Q

What is Catalase?

A

It’s also called Hydrogen Peroxide. This is the enzyme that breaks down H2O2 into water and oxygen

H2O2 —-> 2 H2O + O2

34
Q

Function of Cytoskeleton

A

The framework of the cell and helps hold the cell together

35
Q

Structure of Cysoskeleton

A

Made up of Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments

36
Q

Structure of Microfilaments

A

Thin fibers made of Myosin, protein that makes up muscles

37
Q

Function of Microfilaments

A

Motility of cytoplasm to move substances in the cell = cytoplasmic stream

38
Q

Structure of Microtubules

A

tube shaped = strength

39
Q

Function of Microtubules

A
  • give structure and strength to the cell
  • hold organelles on place
40
Q

Structures of Intermediate filaments

A

short, fibers

41
Q

Function of Intermediate filaments

A

help maintain organelles in place

42
Q

Function of messenger RNA

A

carry messages that contain instructions for protein synthesis from DNA gene in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Anatomy (11 decks)

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