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1st Year 2nd Exam Bio PL1003 > Organelles of Eukaryotics > Flashcards

Organelles of Eukaryotics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

Surrounds the cell and defines structure

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2
Q

What do ions and glucose require to cross the plasma membrane?

A

Protein channels or transporters

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3
Q

Why is selective transport important?

A

Keeps biochemical conditions inside the cell favourable

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4
Q

What does selective transport allow for?

A

A concentration gradient

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5
Q

What is a concentration gradient across a plasma membrane important for?

A

Firing of nerve cells and contraction of muscle cells

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6
Q

What is plasma membrane made of?

A

Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol and glycolipids

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7
Q

Why do phospholipids create a lipid bilayer?

A

They are ampiphatic

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8
Q

What does a lipid bilayer in plasma membrane allow for?

A

Rotation and lateral movement of phospholipids and proteins

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9
Q

Why is fluidity important in plasma membrane?

A

To allow for cell migration and membrane repair

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10
Q

What type of protein are found in plasma membrane?

A

Receptors and ion channels

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11
Q

What are the shapes of protein receptors specific to?

A

The shape of ligands such as hormones, drugs or toxins

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12
Q

Why are protein important in plasma membrane?

A

Allow for cell to interact with external environment and for transport

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13
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

In the nucleus

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14
Q

What is mRNA used for?

A

Assembling a protein in translation

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15
Q

What is the bulk of nucleus filled with?

A

Chromatins

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16
Q

What is the nucleus membrane made of?

A

2 lipid bilayers

17
Q

What is the outer membrane of the nucleus membrane continuous with?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

18
Q

What is the function of ER?

A

The translation of proteins destine for membrane or secretion

19
Q

What happens to proteins that are secreted from ER to Rough ER?

A

They undergo post-translational modifications such as addition of a sugar group

20
Q

What is budding?

A

When small vesicles break off from the ER and fuse with the Golgi

21
Q

How goes the Golgi communicate?

A

Through budding

22
Q

How are vesicles formed?

A

Through the budding process

23
Q

What are lysosomes responsible for?

A

General destruction of debris and bacteria

24
Q

What do lysosomes rely on?

A

Action of acid hydrolase with the vesicle

25
Q

What are proteasome responsible for?

A

Targeted degradation of specific proteins

26
Q

Where are proteasome found?

A

In the cytoplasm and nucleus

27
Q

Why may proteins need degradation removed by proteasome?

A

Due to incorrect folding or too high concentration of protein

28
Q

What is added to a target protein as a marker for degradation?

A

A protein ubiquitin

29
Q

What do mitochondria produce?

A

Large amounts of ATP

30
Q

What is the purpose of cytoskeleton?

A

To provide protein scaffolding

31
Q

How is cytoskeleton highly dynamic?

A

By coordinated assembly and disassembly of fibres

32
Q

How do vesicles move around the cell?

A

They are attached to microtubules which lengthen and shorten to pull them around the cell

33
Q

What is special about the nucleolus?

A

It is a region of the nucleus with no membrane

34
Q

What is in the nucleolus?

A

Condensed chromatin with DNA that codes for RNA

35
Q

What must large molecules have to pass in and out of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear localisation key sequence

36
Q

What do free ribosomes do?

A

Translate cytoplasmic proteins

37
Q

What is the process of translating cytoplasmic proteins?

A
  1. Protein folds as it emerges from ribosome and gets stuck in the cytosol
  2. Proteins which need to leave the cell or embed in membrane are translated to attach to ER
  3. The proteins are then transported in vesicles to the cell surface
38
Q
A

1st Year 2nd Exam Bio PL1003 (6 decks)

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