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1st Year 2nd Exam Bio PL1003 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What shape do chromosomes have?

A

X-shaped

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2
Q

What is the short arm of the chromosome called?

A

p-arm

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3
Q

What is the long arm of the chromosome called?

A

q-arm

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4
Q

What is karyoptype?

A

A picture of a person’s chromosomes

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5
Q

What are chromatids?

A

2 chromatids are joined to form a chromosome and 1 chromatid will go to each daughter cell

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6
Q

In what kind of cells is there 1 chromosome from each parent?

A

Somatic cells

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7
Q

What are the 46 chromosomes comprised of?

A

22 homologous pairs and 2 sex chromosomes

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8
Q

What differs in the chromosomes of males and females?

A

Females have 2 homologous X chromosomes and males have 1 X and 1Y chromosome

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9
Q

What stage comes before cell division?

A

Interphase

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10
Q

What is the restriction point?

A

Decides if cell will continue to S phase or will enter G0

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11
Q

What is G1?

A

The first of 2 gap stages in which all cell content except genetic material is duplicated

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12
Q

What is G0?

A

G0 is cell cycle arrest and can be reversible (quiescence) or irreversible (senescence)

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13
Q

Why is senescence triggered?

A

In ageing and damaged cells to safeguard against cancer

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14
Q

How can arrested cells be lost?

A

Through apoptosis (programmed death)

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15
Q

How is apoptosis carried out?

A

Controlled by P53 protein

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16
Q

What can prevent apoptosis?

A

Mutations in P53 protein

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17
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

Chromosomes are duplicated to form sister chromatids

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18
Q

Why is S phase short?

A

To prevent interference with DNA replication

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19
Q

What phase follows S phase?

A

G2

20
Q

What happens in G2 phase?

A

DNA replication is accuracy checked and centrioles are duplicated as they act as seed points for the formation of spindle

21
Q

How is G2 regulated?

A

P53 protein

22
Q

What phase follows G2?

A

M Phase

23
Q

How many stages are in M phase?

A

5

24
Q

What is the first stage of M phase?

A

Prophase

25
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense and spindles begin to form. These spindles consist of an array of microtubules which grow from centrioles at either end of the cell

26
Q

What stage is after Prophase?

A

Prometaphase

27
Q

What happens in prometaphase?

A

The nuclear envelope breaks down and releases chromosomes. Chromosomes are organised by attaching to microtubules.

28
Q

What happens after the chromosomes attach to microtubules in prometaphase?

A

The microtubules bind to kinetochores which are proteins on the centromere of the chromosome

29
Q

What stage is after prometaphase?

A

Metaphase

30
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align along the spindle equator and the kinetochores and microtubules are responsible for this alignment

31
Q

What 2 stages happen after metaphase?

A

Anaphase and Telophase

32
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

The sister chromatids separate and 2 identical sets of chromosomes move to each end of the cell

33
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Spindle disappears and chromosomes decondense. New nuclear membranes are then formed

34
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm divides and yields 2 identical daughter cells

35
Q

Why does BRCA1 mutations predispose for cancer?

A

BRCA1 codes for correcting in errors in DNA and is a tumour suppressant. DNA can’t be checked for errors if this gene is mutated so a more erroneous method is used.

36
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is the formation of gametes

37
Q

How many cells are produced in meiosis?

A

4 very different haploid cells

38
Q

What is the stage before Meiosis I called?

A

Gametogonium

39
Q

What happens in Meiosis I?

A

DNA is replicated and 2 sister chromatids are
generated

40
Q

What happens during prophase in Meiosis I?

A

Chromosomes cross over and swap DNA to ensures that we do not receive a complete set of chromosomes from 1 parent

41
Q

What happens during metaphase in Meiosis I?

A

The crossed over chromosomes move to the equator of the cell

42
Q

How many chromosomes do daughter cells have after Meiosis I?

A

23

43
Q

What is non-disjunction?

A

When the DNA is not divided equally amongst the cells

44
Q

What can dis-junction cause?

A

Gametes with 1 too many or 1 too little chromosomes

45
Q

What is a trisomy?

A

When an embryo has 3 of 1 chromosome. Most are fatal but DS is Trisomy 21 and not fatal

46
Q

What happens in Meiosis 2?

A

Meiosis 2 is a replica of Meiosis 1 so that 4 gametes are produced

1st Year 2nd Exam Bio PL1003 (6 decks)

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