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1st Year 2nd Exam Bio PL1003 > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The break down of Glucose into ATP

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1
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate which is a nucleotide

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2
Q

What makes up ATP?

A

A ribose sugar, adenine nitrogenous base and a triphosphate group

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3
Q

What does ATP do?

A

Provides energy to drive cellular processes and mediate the transfer of energy from reactions that release energy to those that require energy

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4
Q

What are reactions that require energy called?

A

Endergonic

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5
Q

What are reactions that release energy called?

A

Exergonic

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6
Q

How does ATP store energy?

A

High energy phosphoanhydride bond

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7
Q

How does ATP release energy?

A

When the phosphoanhydride bond is hydrolysed
ATP + H20 ——-> ADP + pi + energy

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8
Q

How is ATP regenerated?

A

Energy from exergonic reactions can be used to add a phosphate group to ADP

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9
Q

What does substrate level phosphorylation do?

A

The transfer of a phosphate from a substrate with the energy coming from the substrate which is converted from a high to low energy in the process

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10
Q

Where does substrate level phosphorylation occur?

A

Glycolysis and Krebs cycle

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11
Q

What work can ATP do?

A

Transport, Mechanical and Chemical work

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12
Q

What is NAD?

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide is a coenzyme important for cellular respiration

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13
Q

How can NAD exist?

A

As NAD+ (oxidised) and NADH (reduced)

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14
Q

What does NAD do?

A

It acts as a carrier of energy and transports electrons from 1 reaction to another by trapping them

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15
Q

How does NAD work?

A

When a molecule is oxidised, 2H atoms are removed as a hydride ion (H-) and a hydrogen ion (H+). H- is transferred to NAD+ and H+ is released into the solution

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16
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytosol

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17
Q

What is the process of glycolysis?

A

6 Carbon glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvates with 3 carbons

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18
Q

What does the energy releasing phase of glycolysis create?

A

ATP and NADH

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19
Q

What are the 2 phases of glycolysis?

A

Energy-requiring and energy-releasing

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20
Q

What are the first 2 steps of the energy-requiring phase of glycolysis?

A
  1. Phosphate group transferred from ATP to glucose
  2. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted into
    fructose-6-phosphate (isomer)
21
Q

What are the 3rd and 4th stage of glycolysis?

A
  1. Phosphate group transferred from ATP to fructose-6- phosphate
  2. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate splits to form two three- carbon sugars: DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
22
Q

What is the relationship between DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?

A

They are isomers and DHAP converts easily to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

23
Q

What is the deficiency of glycolysis energy-requiring stage?

A

2 ATP

24
Q

What happens to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the energy-releasing stage of glycolysis?

A

It is oxidised while NAD+ is oxidised to NADH

25
Q

What is the extra energy generated used for in glycolysis?

A

Phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

26
Q

How much energy is generated in the energy-releasing stage of glycolysis?

A

4 ATP and 2 NADH

27
Q

What is the net gain of glycolysis?

A

2 NADH and 2 ATP

28
Q

What is Pyruvate Oxidation?

A

AcetlyCoA is produced

29
Q

How does Pyruvate Oxidation occur?

A

Pyruvate is decarboxylated to release CO2. The 2C group left oxidises to form an acetyl group which attached to Coenzyme A to form Acetyl CoA. NAD+ is reduced to NADH

30
Q

What happens when oxygen isn’t available for Pyruvate Oxidation?

A

Pyruvate is reduced to lactate with electrons coming from NADH

31
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

32
Q

What occurs in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Decarboxylation reactions that release CO2
Oxidation-Reduction reactions where Acetyl CoA derivatives are oxidised and NAD+ and FAD are reduced to NADH and FADH2

33
Q

How many Acetyl CoA does each glucose generate?

A

2

34
Q

Where does Oxidative Phosphorylation occur?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

35
Q

What does Oxidative Phosphorylation use?

A

The electron transport chain

36
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

A series of membrane protein complexes and other molecules that act as electron carriers

37
Q

How does the electron transport chain work?

A

Carriers are reduced (gain electrons) and oxidised (lose electrons) which releases energy

38
Q

What makes up the electron transport chain?

A

4 complexes and 2 mobile electron carriers

39
Q

Where do electrons in the electron transport chain come from?

A

NADH and FADH2 produced in glycolysis and Krebs cycle

40
Q

How is a concentration gradient produced in ETC?

A

Electrons pass through the chain and energy is used by the electron carrier complexes to pump H+ ions across the mitochondrial membrane

41
Q

How do electrons from NADH reach the electrons carriers?

A

NADH cannot easily cross the mitochondrial membrane so a shuttle system is used to deliver electrons

42
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

43
Q

What does the pH gradient in chemiosmosis provide?

A

A proton motive force that is used to convert ADP to ATP

44
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyses chemiosmosis called?

A

ATP Synthase

45
Q

How much ATP do NADH and FADH2 produce?

A

NADH yields 2.5 ATP and FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP

46
Q

What is the total ATP gain of glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle?

A

28ATP from 10 NADH and 2 FADH2

47
Q

What is the Walburg effect?

A

Tumours convert glucose to lactate even in the presence of adequate oxygen

48
Q

Why is glucose converted to lactate in tumour cells?

A

Glucose to lactate is 10-100x faster than the oxidation of glucose and can generate 2 ATP per glucose molecule

49
Q

How does lactate favour the tumour?

A

The immune response is dampened and the environment is acidified

50
Q

Why are more glucose-derived metabolites favoured by the tumour?

A

DNA replication and RNA transcription, Membrane production and Protein translation are all increased so the cell is proliferated

51
Q
A

1st Year 2nd Exam Bio PL1003 (6 decks)

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