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EPHE 242 > Organelles and Structures > Flashcards

Organelles and Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Two layers of phospholipids

A

Hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads

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2
Q

Sphingolipid makeup:

A

Fatty acid tails that are slightly longer than phospholipids, with a phosopholipid or glycolipid head

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3
Q

Three components of membrane:

A

Phospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol

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4
Q

Net effect of cholesterol on membrane

A

Increases fluidity and decreased permeability to water

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5
Q

Membrane proteins that are usually cytosolic and easily dissociated from membrane

A

Peripheral membrane protein

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6
Q

Sphingolipid anchored peripheral proteins form ______

A

Lipid rafts

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7
Q

Membrane proteins that are ambipathic and lodged in the membrane

A

Integral membrane proteins

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8
Q

Transmembrane integral membrane proteins include:

A

Channels and carrier proteins

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9
Q

One sided integral membrane proteins include:

A

Enzymes and receptors

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10
Q

Two types of membrane carbohydrates

A

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

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11
Q

Location and binding mechanism of membrane carbohydrates

A

Covalently bonded to lipids or proteins on the extracellular surface

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12
Q

Two functions of membrane carbohydrates

A

Glycocalyx and cell recognition

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13
Q

Function of glycocalyx

A

Protection and cell adhesion

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14
Q

What is the glycocalyx

A

Glycoprotein that covers some cell membranes

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15
Q

Functions of cytosol (4)

A
  1. location of specific chemical reactions
  2. storage of fat, carbohydrates
  3. storage of secretory vesicles
  4. ionic composition (nerve and muscle cells)
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16
Q

Protein factories of the cell

A

Ribosomes

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17
Q

Proteins formed by _______ ribosomes are released into the cell

A

free

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18
Q

Proteins formed by ______ are transported to the golgi and then secreted or distributed to other organelles

A

rough ER ribosomes

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19
Q

Function of rough ER

A

synthesis of proteins and lipids to be packaged into vesicles

20
Q

Function of smooth ER

A

Lipids synthesis and formation of transport vesicles

21
Q

Main function of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Storage of calcium in muscle cells

22
Q

Functions of golgi (2)

A
  1. Modification of the macromolecules made by the ER

2. Packaging of macromolecules into vesicles for transport to cell surface or the cytosol

23
Q

Function of mitocondria

A

Production of ATP via aerobic metabolism/cellular respiration

24
Q

Inner membrane of mitochondria form the

A

cristae

25
Q

The enzymes of Krebs cycle are found in the ____

A

Mitochondrial matrix

26
Q

The electron transport chain is found on _______

A

Cristae of inner membrane of mitochondria

27
Q

Kearns-Sayre syndrom results from _________

A

Deletions in mitochrondrial DNA

28
Q

_______ are barrel-shaped organelles that were recently discovered and are implicated in multi-drug resistance to chemotherapy

A

Vaults

29
Q

Six functions of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. mechanical support and structure
  2. intracellular transport of materials
  3. suspension of organelles
  4. formation of adhesions with other cells
  5. contraction
  6. movement
30
Q

Three types of motor proteins

A

Myosins, kinesins, dyenins

31
Q

Function of myosins

A

Binds to actin for muscle contraction

32
Q

Function of kinesins

A

Movement of vesicles

33
Q

Function of dyenins

A

Movement of vesicles; whiplike motion of cilia and flagella

34
Q

Common type of microfilament

A

Actin

35
Q

Four functions of microfilaments

A
  1. muscle contraction
  2. ameobid-like movements
  3. separation of cytoplasm during cell division
  4. structural support for cell projections like microvilli
36
Q

Myosin, neurofilaments, and keratin are common types of ________

A

Intermediate filaments

37
Q

ALS results in….

A

The progressive degeneration and death of motor neurons

38
Q

Recent theory of ALS

A

Abnormal accumulation and disorganization of neurofilaments

39
Q

Three functions of microtubules

A
  1. mitotic spindle fibres
  2. transport of secretory vesicles
  3. major component of cilia and flagella
40
Q

Microtubules have a _______ structure

A

Dynamic

41
Q

_______ provide a highway for vesicular transport along the axon

A

Microtubules

42
Q

Function of reverse vesicular traffic

A

Moving debris from the axon back to cell body for destruction by lysosomes

43
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Breaking down molecules

44
Q

Tay Sachs disease is caused by a genetic mutation of ______ gene

A

HEXA

45
Q

Tay Sachs results _____

A

Inability to make an enzyme that breaks down GM2 ganglioside

46
Q

Accumulation of gangliosides in neurons leads to

A

premature neuron death

47
Q

Function of peroxisomes

A

Location of oxidative reactions; detoxifying molecules

EPHE 242 (7 decks)

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