Blood Part I

Question 1

Structural cytosolic fibrous protein in erythrocytes

Answer 1

Spectrin

Question 2

Type of ATP production in RBCs

Answer 2

Anaerobic glycolysis - no oxidative phosphorylation

Question 3

Role of carbonic anhydrase in RBCs

Answer 3

Assists in loading C02 onto RBCs for transport

Question 4

Components of hemoglobin molecule

Answer 4

One globin and 4 heme groups

Question 5

How many molecules of 02 can one hemoglobin carry?

Answer 5

Four

Question 6

What does hemoglobin carry?

Answer 6

O2, CO2, H+, CO

Question 7

What are the effects of a leftward shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin curve?

Answer 7

Increased affinity for easier loading and harder unloading

Question 8

What are the effects of a rightward shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin curve?

Answer 8

Decreased affinity for harder loading and easier unloading

Question 9

What are the effects of increased body temperature on Hb?

Answer 9

Decreased affinity for O2, and easier offloading at tissues

Question 10

Effects of pH on Hb: pH decreases and [H+] increases causes….

Answer 10

H+ produced in active tissues bind to Hb and decreases affinity, making unloading easier

Question 11

Effects of CO2 on Hb

Answer 11

CO2 reacts with Hb to form HbCO2, which has a lower affinity for O2, increasing unloading of O2

Question 12

Effects of 2,3-DPG on Hb

Answer 12

Decreases affinity of Hb for O2

Question 13

When and where is 2,3-DPG produced?

Answer 13

In RBCs under low O2 conditions

Question 14

Type A Hb consists of what types of chains, and is most predominant type in who?

Answer 14

2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains, and most predominant type of Hb in infants, kids, adults

Question 15

Type F Hb consists of what types of chains and is most predominant in who?

Answer 15

Alpha and gamma chains, and most predominant in fetal blood

Question 16

What is the advantage of Type F Hb

Answer 16

Greater affinity for O2, which allows for abs of O2 at lower PO2

Question 17

Type S Hb: causes, differences, effects

Answer 17

Caused by a.a. sub in beta chain, causing sickle shape, and hemolyzes easily which causes anemia and RBCs to get trapped in capillaries

Question 18

What is the name and location of the process in which RBCs are synthesized?

Answer 18

Erythropoiesis in red bone marrow

Question 19

What substances are required for erythropoiesis?

Answer 19

A.a., iron, vitamins B2, B12, pyridoxine, and folic acid

Question 20

Common precurser for erythrocytes and leukocytes

Answer 20

Hematopoietic stem cells

Question 21

What stimulates erythropoiesis?

Answer 21

Erythropoietin

Question 22

When is erythropoietin secreted and from where?

Answer 22

Secreted from kidneys when blood O2 is low

Question 23

Two causes of anemia

Answer 23

1. Reduced RBC count

2. Reduced amount of Hb in blood

Question 24

Levels of Hb and Hct to be considered anemic

Answer 24

Hb < 12 g/100ml

Hct < 37%

Question 25

Causes of iron deficient anemia

Answer 25

Lack of dietary iron, inadequate absorption, loss of iron stores

Question 26

Definition of aplastic anemia

Answer 26

Decrease in production of all blood cells

Question 27

Causes of aplastic anemia

Answer 27

Radiation, cytotoxic drugs, exposure to chemicals, and genetic failure

Question 28

Definition of hemolytic anemia

Answer 28

Occurs when rate of RBC destruction > RBC production

Question 29

Causes of hemolytic anemia

Answer 29

RBC defects (ie. sickle cell) or damage to RBCs (ie. runners anemia)

Question 30

When do symptoms manifest in heterozygous sickle cell anemia?

Answer 30

Only in the presence of unusually low [O2]

Question 31

Causes of thalassemias anemia

Answer 31

Inherited disorders that limit rate of alpha or beta chain synthesis

Question 32

Causes of hemorrhagic anemia

Answer 32

Acute or chronic blood loss