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EPHE 242 > Blood Part II > Flashcards

Blood Part II Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanism by which bacteria cause damage to our system

A

Release of enzymes or toxins

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2
Q

Components of virus

A

Nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat

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3
Q

Mechanisms by which viruses cause damage to our system

A

Invading a host cell to take over biochemical facilities by: depleting essential cell components, making cells produce toxins, and transforming cell into cancer cell

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4
Q

How does ebola cause damage/death

A

Immune response is a cytokin storm, which causes hemorrhage and a drop in BP

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5
Q

Purpose of leukocytes (4)

A

Defend against invading pathogens, remove warn out cells, facilitating wound healing and repair, and identifying and destroying abnormal/mutant cells

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6
Q

Purpose of innate immune system

A

Scanning for threats, and acts as first responder with a non-specific immune response

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7
Q

Purpose of adaptive/acquired immune system

A

Selectively targets foreign material to which the body has been previously exposed

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8
Q

Types of polymorphonuclear granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basofils

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9
Q

Structural characteristics of granular leukocytes

A

large granules, lobulated nucleus, polymorphonuclear leukocytes

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10
Q

Types of agranular leukeocytes

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

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11
Q

Structural characteristics of agranular leukocytes

A

No granular cytoplasm, simple nucleus, monomorphonuclear leukocytes

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12
Q

Leukocytes purpose

A

Phagocytosis, detoxifying, producing antibodies, releasing chemical messengers/enzymes/other

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13
Q

How to leukocytes travel

A

Ameboid movements and diapedesis

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14
Q

What is diapedesis

A

Passing through cell walls

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15
Q

Leukocytes most important in innate immune system

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

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16
Q

Mechanism of action of innate immune system

A

Receptors on phagocytic cells read protein keys and bind with bacterial markers, triggering the phagocytes to engulf and destroy bacteria, and then release signal for further response

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17
Q

Mechanism of attraction of neutrofils

A

Chemotaxins bind with receptors on neutrophils, causing influx of [Ca2+], switching on cellular contractile apparatus, causing amoeba-like crawling of the neutrophils up the chemotaxin gradient

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18
Q

Define pyogenic bacteria

A

Puss forming

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19
Q

First line of defence against pyogenic bacteria

A

Neutrophils

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20
Q

What forms puss at site of pyogenic bacterial invasion

A

Dead neutrophils form puss

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21
Q

Cause of localized pain and swelling at site of bacterial infection

A

Dying neutrophils release digestive enzymes that damage local tissue and contribute to localized pain and swelling

22
Q

Primary function of eosinophils

A

Detoxification of foreign proteins and other substances

23
Q

How are eosinophils attracted to traumatized tissues?

A

Presence of antibodies specific to foreign proteins

24
Q

Purpose of basophils

A

Release of histamines and heparin in a area of tissue damage, to increase blood flow, decrease clotting and attract neutrophils

25
Q

Location of most basophils

A

Found in greater numbers outside of the blood

26
Q

Location of most eosinophils

A

Connective tissue other than blood (ie. lungs, mammary glands, urinary, reproductive) especially locations with epithelium exposed to the outside world

27
Q

Monocytes purpose

A

Develop into macrophages to engulf foreign materials, similar to neutrophils, but are attached to local tissue and not mobile

28
Q

Cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity

A

B lymphocytes

29
Q

Cells responsible for cell-mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes

30
Q

Stages of antibody-mediated immune response

A
  1. encounter and recognize antigen (innate)
  2. lymphocyte activation
  3. attack launched by activated lymphocytes
31
Q

Definition of antigen

A

A foreign body that can initiate an immune response

32
Q

Purpose of t-lymphocytes

A

Attacking antigens, releasing cytokines that attract granulocytes and stimulate B-lymphocytes

33
Q

Why are T cells special?

A

Defend against invaders that hide inside cells where antibodies/other leukocytes can’t reach, and are activated only by cells with both foreign antigens and self antigens

34
Q

Two types of t cells

A

cytotoxic and helper

35
Q

Purpose of cytotoxic t-cells

A

Attacking cells, secreting chemicals, and directed against body cells that have become cancerous or infected with virus

36
Q

Purpose of helper t-cells

A

Facilitate the activation and function of both B cells and cytotoxic t-cells

37
Q

Memory cells

A

B-lymphocytes that become specialized to recognize antigen

38
Q

Which cells produce antibodies?

A

B-lymphocytes

39
Q

Define passive immunity

A

Short-term immunity caused y injection of relevant antibodies

40
Q

Hypersensitivity allergic reactions cause

A

Individuals who produce more IgE in response to allergens

41
Q

Mechanism of action of anaphylactic shock

A

Widespread degranulation of mast cells triggers an abrupt dilation of peripheral blood vessels, causing drop in TPR and MAP so no blood moves around

42
Q

Causes of systemic lupus

A

Immune system generates antibodies against self molecules, caused by hyperactivity of T and B cells, and a decreased neg. regulation of the immune response

43
Q

Mechanism of action of HIV

A

Invades helper T cells via CD4 receptor with gp120 co-receptor, which means that neither B or cytotoxic t cells can function normally

44
Q

How does HIV become integrated into chromosomes?

A

HIV nucleic core is RNA, which is transcribed into DNA via reverse transcriptase

45
Q

Mechanism of clot formation

A

After injury platelets release chemicals that stimulate blood vessel contraction, platelets clump together at injury site, participate in formation of coagulation factors, and release platelet-derived growth factor

46
Q

Purpose of fibrinogen

A

Producing fibrin, an insoluble protein, to make the foundation of a blood clot

47
Q

Purpose of albumin

A

Accounts for 80% of plasma osmotic pressure, and binds to substances in plasma to play important role in plasma transport

48
Q

Purpose of alpha-1 globulins

A

Lipid transport, membrane construction, hormone formation

49
Q

Purpose of alpha-2 globulins

A

Erythrocyte production, coagulation, Bp regulation

50
Q

Purpose of beta globulins

A

Low density lipoprotein that carries cholesterol and fat

51
Q

Purpose of gamma globulins

A

Immunoglobulins

EPHE 242 (7 decks)

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