Intro to Human Physiology

Question 1

Five pillars of cell theory

Answer 1

1. All organisms are made up of cells and their products
2. New cells arise only from preexisting ones
3. All cells have the same fundamental makeup
4. The activities of an organism result from the cooperative working of groups of cells
5. Cells depend on one another for survival

Question 2

Four characteristics of living matter

Answer 2

1. Complicated and highly organized
2. Each constituent has a specific function
3. Extracts energy from the environment and synthesizes own complex structures from simple raw materials
4. Capable of precise reproduction

Question 3

Levels of organization in the body

Answer 3

Chemical -> molecular (DNA) cellular -> tissue -> organ -> system -> organismal

Question 4

Six life processes

Answer 4

1. Metabolism
2. Responsiveness
3. Movement
4. Growth
5. Differentiation
6. Reproduction

Question 5

Metabolism is composed of two processes:

Answer 5

Catabolism and Anabolism

Question 6

The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

Answer 6

Catabolism

Question 7

The formation of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

Answer 7

Anabolism

Question 8

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body is called _________

Answer 8

Metabolism

Question 9

The body’s ability to detect and respond to internal and external environmental changes is called _________

Answer 9

Responsiveness

Question 10

The motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells is called ______________

Answer 10

Movement

Question 11

The increase in body size that results from an increase in size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both, is called __________

Answer 11

Growth

Question 12

The development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state is called __________

Answer 12

Differentiation

Question 13

The formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual is called __________

Answer 13

Reproduction

Question 14

Define homeostasis

Answer 14

The maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environemnt

Question 15

The effects of a negative feedback loop

Answer 15

Reversal of a change in a controlled variable

Question 16

The effects of a positive feedback loop

Answer 16

Strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled variable (i.e. child birth)

Question 17

Define a feedforward loop

Answer 17

Events that occur in anticipation of a change in a controlled variable (ex. mouth watering prior to a meal)

Question 18

Define sign verses symptom

Answer 18

Signs are objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure, and symptoms are subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer