Organelles Flashcards
Prokaryote
Cells without a nucleus (before nucleus) – smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
Eukaryote
Cells with a nucleus (true nucleus) – larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells
Cell envelope
The outer layer of prokaryotic cells, made up of three parts: the plasma membrane, cell wall, and capsule
Plasma membrane
The innermost membrane surrounding all cells that allows materials in and out of the cell (made of phospholipids and some steroids)
Cell wall
The outer layer of plant cells and the center layer of prokaryotic cells, providing structure and shape to the cell
Capsule
The outermost layer of prokaryotic cells, helping them keep their shape and acting as a barrier
Nucleus
In eukaryotic cells – stores DNA and sends instructions to the ribosomes
Nucleolus
In eukaryotic cells – the center of the nucleus that produces ribosomes
Flagellum
External organelle in prokaryotic organisms, used for movement (like a tail)
Cilia
In eukaryotic cells – tiny hair-like projections on the outside of the cell that move in an oar-like motion to move the cell
Fimbriae
In prokaryotic cells – tiny projections that allow the cell to stick to surfaces
Ribosomes
In all cells – receive instructions from the DNA in the nucleus and bind amino acids into polypeptide chains as the first step in making proteins
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
In eukaryotic cells – studded with ribosomes, folds polypeptide chains from the ribosomes into proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
In eukaryotic cells – produces lipids for the cell
Golgi apparatus
In eukaryotic cells – sorts lipids and proteins, packages them into vesicles, and sends them throughout the cell or even outside it
Vesicles
Small organelles in eukaryotic cells that act as packages for proteins to transport them
Lysosomes
In eukaryotic cells – break down toxins and old cell parts
Centrosome
Made of two centrioles in an animal cell: helps with cell division by keeping the cell organized
Mitochondria
Produces ATP energy for eukaryotic cells; was most likely a separate organism at one point, so it contains its own DNA
Chloroplast
Photosynthesizes and turns plant cells green; was most likely a separate organism at one point, so it contains its own DNA
Cytoplasm
The gel-like fluid in which all other organelles are suspended – in all cells
Nucleoid region
In prokaryotic cells – the region in which the free-floating plasmid DNA is
Cytoskeleton
A network of tubes that both give structure to the cell and act as a sort of highway for vesicles in all cells
Peroxisomes
In eukaryotic cells – these organelles break down hydrogen peroxide, which is toxic to the cell
Glycocalyx
A coating that surrounds the cell membrane and determines what it can stick to
Vacuole
Large in plant cells and small in animal cells, vacuoles provide structure if they are large enough and store fluid, waste, and other materials.
Sex pili
Transfer DNA in prokaryotic cells when they divide
