organelles Flashcards
define the cytoskeleton
network or protein filaments and cylinders
what are 4 functions of the cytoskeleton
cell shape and structure
organizes cell contents
directs movement of materials within a ell
cell movement as a whole
what are the 3 types of proteins that comprise the cytoskeleton
actin
mictrotubles
intermediate filaments
actin purpose in cytoskeleton
migration and main structure for microvilli
microtubule purpose in cytoskeleton
mitosis and railroad track to move substances
intermediate filament function
cell-cell contact and adhesion/ help chromatin attach to nuclear envelope
how may groupings of microtubules are there
9
the nuclear envelope is a _____ membrane
double
what is the nuclear envelope perforated by and what are they made of
nuclear pores
proteins
what are the 2 functions of nuclear pores
regulates traffic through envelope
holds the two membranes together
what is the nuclear envelope supported by
what attaches to it
intermediate filament web
chromatin
what is nucleoplasm
material in nucleus
what is chromatin
thread like DNA and protein
what is the function of the nucleoli (2)
ribosome production
RNA and DNA polymerase storage
what makes the rough ER rough
ribosomes
what are the channels that make up the ER called
cisterns
is rough ER more flat or tubular
flat
what is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
rough ER
what is often the largest organelle
rough ER
what two things does the rough ER produce for nearly all cell membranes
phospholipids and proteins
where do the synthesized proteins from the rough ER go (2)
packaged in other organelles
secreted from the cell
is the smooth ER more flat or tubular
tubular
what two things does the smooth ER synthesize
steroids
lipids
what mineral is stored in the smooth ER
calcium
what is one unexpected function of the ER
alcohol and drug detox
where do the proteins made in the smooth ER go (3)
vesicles
secretion
on cell membrane
what are ribosomes made out of
protein and RNA
where are 4 places ribosomes can be found
nucleoli
nuclear envelope
cytoplasm
rough ER
what read messenger RNAs and assemble amino acids into proteins
ribosomes
what 2 things does the golgi apparatus synthesize
carbohydrates
glycoproteins
what does the golgi apparatus put the finishing touches on
protein synthesis
where does the golgi apparatus receive its proteins from
the rough ER
what are 3 ways the golgi appears puts the finishing touches on protein synthesis
sorts them
spices them
adds carbohydrate moieties
some become lysosomes
some become part of the plasma membrane
some become secretory vesicles for later protein secretion
golgi apperatus proteins
what are lysosomes
package of enzymes bound by a membrane
what is the main function of lysosomes
intracellular hydrolytic digestion
digestion of a surplus organelles
autophagy
digestion of a surplus cell by itself (cell suicide)
autolysis
what is the function of peroxisomes (4)
break down excess peroxide
neutralize free radicals
detoxify
break down fatty acid for ATP synthesis
where are peroxisomes most abundant
liver and kidney cells
where are peroxisomes produced
endoplasmic reticulum
what breaks down SURPLUS tagged, targeted proteins into short peptides and amino acids
proteosomes
what organelles synthesize ATP
mitochondria
what are the inner membrane folds of mitochondria called
cristae
what are the spaces between the folds of the mitochondria called
matrix
what organelle is a short cylindrical assembly of mictrotibes arranged in 9 groups of 3 microtubules each
centriole
what forms the basal bodies of cilia and flagella
centrioles
what are the two types of inclusions
stored cellular products
foreign bodies
