major themes and chemistry of life Flashcards by Mykasia Bostic

methods for examining the human body

inspection

palpitation

auscultation

percussion

looking

touching

listening (stethoscope)

tapping; hollowness

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what is exploratory surgery

something goes wrong and youre opened up

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what is gross anatomy

models/ big pic

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histology

microscope anatomy

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histopathology

tissues in the diseased state

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cytology

how cells regulate in an environment

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ultrastructure

electron microscopy

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what is comparative physiology

how things function in different species

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hierarchy of complexity (least to most) (8)

atoms
molecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism

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what are 6 factors under homeostatic control

body temp

oxygen level

ph of body fluids

salt content

blood glucose

metabolic waste (CO2)

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what is the ability to detect change and regulate that change within narrow limits

homeostasis

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negative feedback allows for ______ equilibrium

the limited range is called a…

dynamic

set point

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what type of feedback is when something changes in one direction and a reaction is triggered to reverse that change

negative feedback

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what is a structure that detects changes in the body

receptors

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what is the center that processes sensory information

integrating (control) center

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what is a cell or organ that carries out a final corrective action

effector

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what is a self amplifying type of feedback system

positive feedback loop

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what percentage of homeostatic processes occur via a positive feedback loop

10%

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what are 3 examples of a positive feedback loop

childbirth

blood clotting

protein digestion

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movement “up the gradient” requires..

spending metabolic energy

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what are 3 different gradients

concentration

electrical

thermal

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the same 6 elements make up ____% of body weight

98.5

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what are 3 reasons electrolytes are important

chemical reactivity

osmotic effects

excitability of nerves and muscles

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what percentage of our body is made of water

50-75

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what type of bond is easily broken by water

ionic

what are bodily fluids classified as

mixtures

what is a mixture

physically blended but not chemically combined

what is solvency what is water's nick name

ability to dissolve other chemicals universal solvent

what is adhesion

one substance clinging to another

what is cohesion

one substance clinging to itself

what is a proton donor

acid

what is a proton acceptor

base

is the pH of blood slightly acidic or basic

basic

what are chemical solutions that resist changes in pH

buffers

what property of water do metabolic reactions depend on

solvency

pH is the _____ ____ pf hydrogen ion molarity

negative logarithm

definition of energy

capacity to do work

what is the definition of work

the ability to move something

what is the first law of energy

every can not be created or destroyed

what is the second law of energy (2)

entropy continuously increases in a closed system. to "reverse" entropy, energy input is required

what is metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

what is catabolism

exergonic/ breaks down complex things into simpler things to release energy for work

what is anabolism

requires energy input to "put things back together"

_____ is driven by energy released by ______

anabolism catabolism

what is oxidation does it release or require energy

molecule gives up electrons and releases energy more positive charge

what is reduction does the molecule gain or lose energy how are e- transferred in this way

molecule gains electron and energy hydrogen atoms

how are redox reactions coupled

oxidation of one molecule is always accompanied by the reduction of another molecule

what determines the properties of an organic chemical

functional groups

what are the monomers of nucleic acids

nucleotides

what are the monomers of carbohydrates

monosaccarides

what are the monomers of lipids

fatty acids

what are the monomers of proteins

amino acids

carbohydrates hydro____

phillic

what is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates

2:1

what is the root word meaning carbohydrate

glyco

lipids are hydro_____

phobic

what has more calories per gram than carbohydrates

lipids

what are the 5 kinds of lipids in the body

fatty acids triglycerides eicosanoids steroids phospholipids

the term to describe phospholipids hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature

amphipathic

what 4 components make up a protein

central carbon amino group carboxyl group radical group

what structure is a chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

primary

what is structure is an alpha helix or beta sheet joined by hydrogen bonds

secondary

what structure is the folding and coiling due to interactions among and between r groups and surrounding water

tertiary

what structure is the association of two or more polypeptide chains with each other

quaternary

what do substrates bind to

an enzymes active site

how do molecules form an enzyme-substrate complex

specificity // lock and key

what do enzymes release upon binding to a substrate

reaction products

what to enzymes lower

activation energy

what is a cofactor

a nonprotein chemical that makes a protein fold into a shape that can be reached by an enzyme

what is a coenzyme

organic cofactors that accept electrons from an enzyme and transfer them to another

what are the three components of nucleotides

nitrogenous base sugar phosphate group

what type of molecule is ATP

a nucleotide

what is the ATP equation (2-->3)

glucose + 6 oxygen = 6 carbon dioxide + 6 water + energy (ATP)

how many ATP are made per glucose in anerobic respiration

during aerobic respiration, how many ATP are made per glucose molecule