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anatomy exam 1 > major themes and chemistry of life > Flashcards

major themes and chemistry of life Flashcards

1
Q

methods for examining the human body

inspection

palpitation

auscultation

percussion

A

looking

touching

listening (stethoscope)

tapping; hollowness

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2
Q

what is exploratory surgery

A

something goes wrong and youre opened up

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3
Q

what is gross anatomy

A

models/ big pic

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4
Q

histology

A

microscope anatomy

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5
Q

histopathology

A

tissues in the diseased state

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6
Q

cytology

A

how cells regulate in an environment

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7
Q

ultrastructure

A

electron microscopy

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8
Q

what is comparative physiology

A

how things function in different species

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9
Q

hierarchy of complexity (least to most) (8)

A

atoms
molecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism

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10
Q

what are 6 factors under homeostatic control

A

body temp

oxygen level

ph of body fluids

salt content

blood glucose

metabolic waste (CO2)

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11
Q

what is the ability to detect change and regulate that change within narrow limits

A

homeostasis

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12
Q

negative feedback allows for ______ equilibrium

the limited range is called a…

A

dynamic

set point

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13
Q

what type of feedback is when something changes in one direction and a reaction is triggered to reverse that change

A

negative feedback

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14
Q

what is a structure that detects changes in the body

A

receptors

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15
Q

what is the center that processes sensory information

A

integrating (control) center

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16
Q

what is a cell or organ that carries out a final corrective action

A

effector

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17
Q

what is a self amplifying type of feedback system

A

positive feedback loop

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18
Q

what percentage of homeostatic processes occur via a positive feedback loop

A

10%

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19
Q

what are 3 examples of a positive feedback loop

A

childbirth

blood clotting

protein digestion

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20
Q

movement “up the gradient” requires..

A

spending metabolic energy

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21
Q

what are 3 different gradients

A

concentration

electrical

thermal

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22
Q

the same 6 elements make up ____% of body weight

A

98.5

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23
Q

what are 3 reasons electrolytes are important

A

chemical reactivity

osmotic effects

excitability of nerves and muscles

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24
Q

what percentage of our body is made of water

A

50-75

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25
Q

what type of bond is easily broken by water

A

ionic

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26
Q

what are bodily fluids classified as

A

mixtures

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27
Q

what is a mixture

A

physically blended but not chemically combined

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

what is solvency

what is water’s nick name

A

ability to dissolve other chemicals

universal solvent

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30
Q

what is adhesion

A

one substance clinging to another

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31
Q

what is cohesion

A

one substance clinging to itself

32
Q

what is a proton donor

A

acid

33
Q

what is a proton acceptor

A

base

34
Q

is the pH of blood slightly acidic or basic

A

basic

35
Q

what are chemical solutions that resist changes in pH

A

buffers

36
Q

what property of water do metabolic reactions depend on

A

solvency

37
Q

pH is the _____ ____ pf hydrogen ion molarity

A

negative logarithm

38
Q

definition of energy

A

capacity to do work

39
Q

what is the definition of work

A

the ability to move something

40
Q

what is the first law of energy

A

every can not be created or destroyed

41
Q

what is the second law of energy (2)

A

entropy continuously increases in a closed system.

to “reverse” entropy, energy input is required

42
Q

what is metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

43
Q

what is catabolism

A

exergonic/ breaks down complex things into simpler things to release energy for work

44
Q

what is anabolism

A

requires energy input to “put things back together”

45
Q

_____ is driven by energy released by ______

A

anabolism

catabolism

46
Q

what is oxidation

does it release or require energy

A

molecule gives up electrons and

releases energy

more positive charge

47
Q

what is reduction

does the molecule gain or lose energy

how are e- transferred in this way

A

molecule gains electron and energy

hydrogen atoms

48
Q

how are redox reactions coupled

A

oxidation of one molecule is always accompanied by the reduction of another molecule

49
Q

what determines the properties of an organic chemical

A

functional groups

50
Q

what are the monomers of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

51
Q

what are the monomers of carbohydrates

A

monosaccarides

52
Q

what are the monomers of lipids

A

fatty acids

53
Q

what are the monomers of proteins

A

amino acids

54
Q

carbohydrates hydro____

A

phillic

55
Q

what is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates

A

2:1

56
Q

what is the root word meaning carbohydrate

A

glyco

57
Q

lipids are hydro_____

A

phobic

58
Q

what has more calories per gram than carbohydrates

A

lipids

59
Q

what are the 5 kinds of lipids in the body

A

fatty acids
triglycerides
eicosanoids
steroids
phospholipids

60
Q

the term to describe phospholipids hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature

A

amphipathic

61
Q

what 4 components make up a protein

A

central carbon
amino group
carboxyl group
radical group

62
Q

what structure is a chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

A

primary

63
Q

what is structure is an alpha helix or beta sheet joined by hydrogen bonds

A

secondary

64
Q

what structure is the folding and coiling due to interactions among and between r groups and surrounding water

A

tertiary

65
Q

what structure is the association of two or more polypeptide chains with each other

A

quaternary

66
Q

-

A

-

67
Q

what do substrates bind to

A

an enzymes active site

68
Q

how do molecules form an enzyme-substrate complex

A

specificity // lock and key

69
Q

what do enzymes release upon binding to a substrate

A

reaction products

70
Q

what to enzymes lower

A

activation energy

71
Q

what is a cofactor

A

a nonprotein chemical that makes a protein fold into a shape that can be reached by an enzyme

72
Q

what is a coenzyme

A

organic cofactors that accept electrons from an enzyme and transfer them to another

73
Q

what are the three components of nucleotides

A

nitrogenous base

sugar

phosphate group

74
Q

what type of molecule is ATP

A

a nucleotide

75
Q

what is the ATP equation (2–>3)

A

glucose + 6 oxygen = 6 carbon dioxide + 6 water + energy (ATP)

76
Q

how many ATP are made per glucose in anerobic respiration

A

2

77
Q

during aerobic respiration, how many ATP are made per glucose molecule

A

32

anatomy exam 1 (7 decks)

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