Organ systems Flashcards
What are the accessory organs of the digestive systems
Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
What is the function of the salivary glands (parotids) and what enzyme do they have?
The salivary glands (parotids) secrete the enzyme amylase which initiates the breakdown starch. Their function is to create saliva to lubricate food and aid in swallowing. Creating a bolus a moistened ball like mass.
What is the function of the liver and what enzymes
The liver weighs 3 pounds and is the largest internal organ. It aids in the digestion of fats and synthesis bile (1 L daily). Many functions including regulating body metabolism, all blood leaving stomach and intestines flow through liver first. It also extracts toxins and absorbed nutrients from blood. The enzyme catalase acts to decompose toxins like hydrogen peroxide into safe products of oxygen and water. Alcohol and drugs can damage the liver over time. It produces bile, stores carbohydrates.
What is the function of the gallbladder
The gallbladder is a greenish organ, about three inches long under the liver. It concentrates and stores bile, produced in dilute form by the liver. Secretes the bile through the cystic ducts in the duodenum where it helps in digestion.
What is bile?
Bile acts like a detergent by emulsifying fats in the small intestine. Bile is composed of cholesterol, bile salts, and bile pigment. Not critical for survival. The crystallization of the bile salts in the gull bladder gives ruse to gallstones.
What is the function of the pancreas?
The pancreas secretes the hormone insulin. Insulin controls the blood sugar and lack of insulin leads to diabetes. When chyme leaves the stomach through the pyloric sphincter it is still acidic, it triggers the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas. This alkaline fluid aids in digestion in the small intestine. Pancreas produces digestive juices and releases them through a tube, to the duodenum. These juices contain enzymes that continue the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Work best in PH of 7-8.
What are the three enzymes that are associated with digestion?
Lipases - lipids
Carbohydrases - digest starches and sugars (carbohydrates)
Proteases - break apart proteins
What is disorder 1 of the digestive system.
Disorder 1 is peptic ulcers. A sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum were HCl and pepsin a present .Ulcers form one tissues become inflamed due to the protective mucus that covers the lining has a weakened. This will begin with the acid resistant bacterium attach them self to the walls of the digestive track to prevent the area from producing a protective mucus. Antibiotics kill the bacteria.
What is disorder 2 of the digestive system?
Inflammatory bowel disease. Described as a general group of chronic diseases that all cars information in the intestines. (Chrons disease and ulcerative colitis) The result of a weekend immune system’s with incorrectly response to the environment triggers like bacteria or viruses which therefore cause inflammation in the digestive tract. IBD can only be treated as it is chronic there are special diet and medication‘s to reduce pain and inflammation and in severe cases surgery.
What is disorder 3 of the digestive system?
Constipation. Constipation as a common disorder of the digestive system or bowel movements are reduced to three per week or less. Stools are dry small and difficult to eliminate. Possible causes include low water intake, lack of good nerve and muscle function in the bowel. An on a healthy diet and lack of physical activity can also lead to constipation. Treatments include the conception of fibre which is in fruits vegetables and grains. Fibres are not broken down in the digestive system appear the same after passing through the digestive tract therefore the bulk and soft texture of dietary fibre is lead to constipation prevention
What is disorder 4 in the digestive system.
Hepatitis. Hepatitis is a disorder pertaining to the inflammation of the liver divided into hepatitis a, B, and C. Hep Anis usually caused by drinking contaminated water. Hep B is spread by sexual contact, and Hep C is caused by infected blood usually through viruses. Hepatitis A and B have a vaccine available for treatment however, hepatitis C does not have a vaccine to treat but there are direct active antiviral tablets available.
What is disorder 5 of the digestive system?
Cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is irreversible replacement of healthy liver tissue with nonfunctioning scar tissue. The main causes of cirrhosis are chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C. The only treatment is extreme lifestyle changes like stopping the abuse of alcohol and drugs, this will allow deliver to start possibly regenerating and restoring function.
What are the 4 steps to digestion?
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Egestion
Function of the pharynx?
It connects the nasal cavity, oral cavity, trachea, and esophagus. It also helps to breath and digest food.
What is the function of the esophagus?
Food moves down the esophagus by peristalsis (muscular contraction) which is a series of coordinated muscular contractions. The points where the esophagus connects with the stomach is called the cardiac sphincter. If this sphincter doesn’t work correctly it can cause acid reflux and or heartburn which can cause Cancer.
What are the three different sections of the large intestine called?
- Ascending Colon
- Transverse Colon
- Descending Colon
What are the functions of the stomach?
In the stomach a combination of mechanical and chemical digestion takes place. The J-shaped stoma contains three muscle types which churn food into a paste. HCl is found in the stomach is very important for several reasons. This low pH is required to convert pepsinogen (inactive) to pepsin a digestive enzyme (active). HCl is also a defence mechanism because the acid kills invading microbes. Acid stimulates the duodenum secrete hormones to release bile and pancreatic juices. Mucus protects the lining of the stomach therefore the HCL does not break it down. This changes the food which is a bolus form into a liquified paste called chyme.
What must the PH be to convert pepsinogen to pepsin?
The HCL must be a PH of 2 to convert inactive pepsinogen to active pepsin. Which digests proteins.
What are the functions of the small intestine?
The small intestine measures up to 7 m in length but it’s only 2.5 cm in diameter which is why it’s called a small intestine. The food leaves the stomach through the pyloric sphincter and enters the duodenum. Intestinal juice is not only contain secretion from the small intestine, but also the large accessory digestive glands, such as the pancreas and liver. The small intestine is the site for most nutrient absorption about 80%. The lining has a fingerlike extensions called Velo which are also converted with tiny micro villi together these structures out to increase the surface area in order to maximize the absorption of food. Water soluble nutrients diffuse into the blood capillaries of the villi for transport to the liver and eventually to all of the cells of the body. The chyme enters the intestine is acidic therefore it must be neutralized.
What is the importance of the Villi and Micro villi in the small intestine?
The lining has a finger like extensions called villi which are also covered in with tiny micro villi. Together these structures how to increase the surface area in order to maximize the absorption of food. Water soluble nutrients diffuse into the blood capillaries of the villi for transport to the liver and eventually to all the thought of the body.
What are the functions of the large intestine?
The large intestine, or colon is 1.5 m long and about twice the diameter of the small intestine. Any on absorb materials are stored in the large intestine where water used in processing the food is partially reabsorbed back into the body. The remaining waste or passed along to the rectum then anus for elimination. Cellulose is the main component of feces, along with living and dead bacteria and water.
How does the pancreas help with digestion?
The pancreas produces sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes the acid in the chyme.
What is the function of the rectum?
To store feces before evacuation.
What is the function if the anus
The site if elimination of feces.
What is the function if the teeth
Biting, tearing, and crushing food
Where does protein digestion first begin and why?
Stomach (Pepsin) because it needs a strong acidic environment to be digested.
What are enzymes and how do they work?
Enzymes are proteins molecules that speed up the chemical reactions of organisms. Without enzymes most of the reactions in a cell with proceed too slowly to maintain life. In order to catalyze a reaction the enzyme attaches to the reactants we call the reactants the substrates. Substrates bind into a very small portion of the enzyme the location where substrate binds to the enzyme is called the active site, and is usually a pocket or a groove in the three-dimensional structure of the protein. Enzymes are very specific to the types of substrates they attach. In most cases they were only bind to one type of molecule this means in different enzyme is needed forever reaction.
How does an enzymes environment affect its activity ?
Temperature and pH have an affect on the enzymes activity. All other reactions enzyme catalyzed reactions increase in speed with an increase in temperature. However, as the temperature increases beyond a particular point proteins begin to denature the anti-becomes less effective every enzyme has an optimal temperature at which works best. The typical human enzyme functions at 37°C body temperature. The optimal pH for in an enzyme is 7 to 8. Well pepsin the enzyme in the stomach is 2.
What enzyme acts in the stomach, what nutrient is acted upon and what is the resulting product?
Pepsin, acts on protein to produce a Dipeptide.
What enzyme is synthesized in the liver and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder , what nutrient is acted upon and what is the resulting product?
Bile, acts on lipids, produces emulsified fats, breaks down bigger globules to smaller globules
What enzyme acts in the salivary glands , what nutrient is acted upon and what is the resulting product?
Amaylase, acts on starch and produces a Disaccharide
What enzyme acts in the pancreas, what nutrient is acted upon and what is the resulting product?
Lipase, acids on lipids (triglycerides) and produces 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
Proteases, Dipeptides, produces amino acids.
What is induced fit
Induced fit is when an enzyme will change its conformation to better fit the substrate.
Why is the pancreas so important
It makes lipase, carbohydrases, and proteases, (pancreatic digestive juices)
Produces insulin to regulate blood sugar
Releases basic fluid, sodium bicarbonate, neatrilizes the chyme ph 7-8
What is disorder 1 of the respiratory system?
Pheumonia, a disorder when alveoli in the lungs become inflamed and fill with fluids in one of the two lungs usally caused by a viral or bacterial infection. It interferes with the gas exchange and the body becomes starved of oxygen. Main causes are bacterial and viral infection. Lolular pneumonia is caused by the bacterium streptococcus pneumoniae. Treatment includes a preventative vaccine called pheumococcal vaccine. It provides long term protection from the bacterium. Bacterial treated by antibiotics.
What is disorder 2 of the respiratory system?
Bronchitis, The bronchi become red, inflamed , and filled with mucus which makes host of the disorder cough to expel the mucus. Causes, the short term of bronchitis is acute bronchitis and it officially caused by a bacterial infection. Chronic bronchitis, however, are causes by regular exposure to concentrations of dust or chemical compounds this form of bronchitis causes the cilia to gradually be destroyed. chronic bronchitis is also one of few lung diseases is that caused by smoking. Treatments include acute antibiotics however chronic bronchitis cannot be cured but treated by medications, quit smoking, and exercise programs.
What is disorder 3 of the respiratory system?
Asthma, A lung disease that causes chronic inflammation of the lungs and overproduction of mucus in the lungs. Causes, often starting in childhood irritants like pollen, dust, and smoke can trigger an inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles. Treatment includes inhalers, dry power imhaler, aerosol inhalers, and asthma attacks can be sensed by peak flow metres.
What is disorder 4 of the respiratory system?
Emphysema, A chronic disease that affects the ability of the lungs to expel air because of the reduced respiratory surface for gas exchange. Most common cause is smoking, similar to chronic bronchitis it is also classified as COPD. Symptoms can be treated by using inhaler to open up the bronchioles and a low flow oxygen tank can boost the supply of oxygen to the body. Best way to treat us quit smoking.
What is disorder 5 if the respiratory system?
Cystic Fibrosis, A genetic disease that causes thigh build up of mucus in the lungs, resulting in infection, inflammation and damage to the lung tissues. The mucus makes it difficult to clear up the bacteria that causes lung infections. The causes are A mutation in a single gene, making versus single gene disorder. Does normal gene governs the cells balance of salt and water, but the mutated version of a gene produces a useless protein or just slightly altered causing the disease. Treatments have been researched and gene therapy, has been proven to be a significant treatment. The patient gets injected with the un mutated gene which fuses and instructs the DNA to make the correct protein. Still being explored .
What is inhalation and how does the body do it?
The intercostals muscles contract, lifting the rib cage up and out. The diaphragm contracts and pulls downward. The volume of the thoracic cavity increases, the pressure in the lungs drops and air comes rushing In
What is exhalation and how does the body do it?
The external intercostal muscles relax, allowing the rib cage to move down and in. The diaphragm relaxes, moving upward to resume its domed shape. The lungs return to normal, the pressure increases and air is pushed out.
What is the control centre of breathing?
The medulla oblongata. Controls the breathing by chemoreceptors that detect changed in the PH of the blood. Carbon dioxide + water = carbonic acid. An increased concentration of hydrogen ions, decreases the PH below the normal blood 7.4. Caused the medulla to send messages to stimulate breathing.
