Biochem 4U Flashcards
What are macromolecules, which is the most abundant on earth?
Large polymer molecule made up of repeating monomers. Cellulose is the most abundant Polymer earth.
What is a carbohydrate? What is there other name?
It is a carbon and water with a H2O being the water. Emp form is (CH2O)n where n is number of carbon atoms and is less then or equal to 3. Also called saccharides or sugar.
What are carbohydrates used for in the body?
Cell to cell signalling one attached to sell membranes, building blocks for larger molecules, energy source.
What is a simple CH, consisting of a single sugar unit and or building block?
Monosaccharides
What are names for different number of carbons and mol form
3C = triose 4C =tetrose 5C=pentose C12H1O 5C = C5H10O5
How to differentiate monosaccharides?
Carbohydrates are either aldehydes or ketones, depending on which Carbonyl group they possess. Aldenhyde = glucose, galactose (CHO) Ketone = (C=O)
How to find how many carbons?
They are numbered and end with OSE. Hexoses have 6 carbons.
What are the structural formulas of monosaccharides?
They exist as straight chain molecules. But when 5 or more carbons they can for ring structures when dissolved in water
What are advantages or ring structure?
Rings structures are usually more conductive to chemical reactions/interactions
What are the major hexoses, what is special about them?
Glucose, Galactose, Fructose. They are all isomers of each other.
What is an isomer?
Molecules with the same chemical formula, but a different structural formula. They all contain different chem and physical properties.
What is special about ring structures?
Sometimes there is more than one possible ring structure for a monosaccharide. Ex. Alpha glucose, our body recognizes. Beta glucose our body does not recognize. A H on top B H on bottom
What are some examples of simple carbohydrates?
They are found naturally in foods such as, fruits, milk, and all milk products. They also occur in processed and refined sugars such as candy, sugar, syrups, and soft drinks.
What is the relationship between monosaccharides and Diet?
The body quickly breaks down simple carbohydrates as energy. Provide energy but lack vitamins, minerals and fibre. Majority of carbohydrate intake should be complex CH (starches) and natural sugars rather than processed or refined sugars.
What is a Oligosaccharide?
A carbohydrate Who is molecules are composed of a relatively small number of monosaccharide units
Speak on Oligosaccharides
Sugars with 2 or e monosaccharides units joined together. They are formed In an anabolic chemical reaction known as dehydration synthesis. Forming a bind while losing a water molecule.
What are the common Oligosaccharides. What are they made of?
Maltose - two A glucose found in beer
Lactose - A glucose and galactose found in milk
Sucrose - A glucose and fructose found in table sugar
Speak on maltose formation?
Maltose is formed between two A glucose molecules with a glycosidic linkage at A1-4. Called A1-4 glycosidic linkage. 1-4 refers to the number of the carbons linking.
Speak on lactose formation.
A glucose and galactose. B 1-4 glycosidic linkage.
Speak on sucrose formation.
A glucose and fructose. A1-2 glycosidic linkage.
What is a polysaccharide and give examples
Polysaccharide is a complex CH poly = Many. Starch, cellulose, glycogen.
Speak on polysaccharide information
Some are straight chained, others are branched, well some have side groups attached. Primarily uses carbohydrate storage, long-term energy source. Some are also used for structural support of the cell/organism.
What is starch
Primary carbohydrate storage unit of plants. Composed of two types of polysaccharides.
Amylose - straight chain of A glucose in A 1-4 GL.
Amylopectin - main chain of A glucose in A1-4GL and branches off the main chain in A1-6L at branch points. Starch is insoluble in water due to angle of GL. stores in chloroplast and some fruit of plants. We are able to break down for energy.
What is Glycogen?
Long term energy storage for animals. Is very similar to Amylopectin but with more branching. Any glucose we do not use as energy is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
