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Biodiversity w/ some Important Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Eukarya - Protists, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia (membrane bound nucleus only unicellular in protist/fungi)

Bacteria - Part of the Prokaryotes, unicellular, only membrane bound DNA, usually smaller, no organelles, Cell Walls HAVE Peptidoglycan

Archaea - Part of Prokaryotes, unicellular, no organelles, membrane bound DNA, Cells walls do NOT have Peptidoglycan

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1
Q

What is taxonomy

A

The branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species

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2
Q

What is classification

A

Grouping of organisms based on a set of criteria that helps organize and indicate evolutionary relationships

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3
Q

Who is Linnaeus

A

He is the father of modern taxonomy where his 6 level classification method is still in use today. The reason why his system is used is because a species can have many names which can be confusing however his system narrows each and every species to a specific name (Genus, species or Homo sapiens) note that first word is capitalized and second isn’t and there is italicizing occurring on both words.

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4
Q

What are Species

A

A group of organisms that interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

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5
Q

What is the main goal of classifying species

A

Assign species to different taxa to reflect on their physical and evolutionary similarities

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6
Q

What are Archaea

A

groups of ancient bacteria that live in harsh habitats and are believed to be the first life forms on Earth, no peptidoglycan in cell wall, occasionally no cell wall at all

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7
Q

Extra Facts about Bacteria?

A

Also called ‘True Bacteria’, cell wall peptidoglycan

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8
Q

What are protists

A

mostly single-celled eukaryotes (some multicellular), some have chloroplasts (some autotrophs and some heterotrophs), include all eukaryotes that are not of the other three kingdoms, sometimes have a cell wall made of cellulose or none at all

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

What are Fungi

A

Eukaryotes that are mostly multicellular, have cell walls that are made of chitin, unable to carry out photosynthesis because they are heterotrophs (cannot produce their own food)

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11
Q

What are Plantae

A

Multicellular Eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis (autotrophs)

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12
Q

What are animalia

A

Multicellular Eukaryotes, heterotrophs, have cell membranes without cell walls, and are divided into invertebrates and vertebrates

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13
Q

What is an ancestor

A

An organism which other groups of organisms have descended from

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14
Q

What is Physiology

A

The branch of biology dealing with physical and chemical functions of organisms, including internal processes

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15
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree

A

A branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships between different organisms.

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16
Q

What is the order of Linnaeus’ system of classification

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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17
Q

What is a dichotomous key

A

A branching diagram that presents two choices at every branch until there is only one organism left

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18
Q

What does it mean for two species sharing evolutionary history

A

They have a fairly recent common ancestor

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19
Q

What is species diversity

A

Variety of species in a given area, specifically the abundance of this species

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20
Q

What is genetic diversity

A

Variety of genetic characteristics in a population of interbreeding organisms, greater genetic diversity increases chance for organism to survive

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21
Q

What is ecosystem diversity

A

Variety of ecosystems found in the Earth’s biosphere, Rainforests (high), Deserts+polar (low), more as you get closer to equator

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22
Q

What is Biodiversity

A

Measured by species in an area, more biodiversity means increased health of environment

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23
Q

What is a keystone species

A

Species that many others depend on for survival, Coral in Reefs

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24
What is a gene pool
All the genes of all individuals in a population
25
What is a population
Group of individuals of the same species in an area
26
What is resilience
The ability for an ecosystem to remain functional and stable in Prescence of any disturbances
27
What are examples of ecosystems
Flower pot, skin, schoolyard, lake ontario,
28
What are some functions of ecosystems
Atmospheric Gas Supply, water supply, and food production
29
Why is keeping species diversity high important to overall health of the earth
Ecosystems with more species diversity end up being more resilient, produce more biomass, and trapped more CO2 and consumed NO3 which can be toxic in high concentrations
30
What is structural Diversity
Microhabitats within a larger habitat contribute to structural diversity such as trees and as this increases so does species diversity
31
What is a Biodiversity Hotspot
An area with a lot of biodiversity in one place
32
Why is Madagascar Unique
Large island off the coast of Africa which separated from that continent over 80 million years ago isolating its species meaning that those species can only be found on Madagascar
33
What are two issues in Madagascar
Intense drought by climate change, and deforestation by human activity
34
How many animal species can one plant support
An average of 50 animal species
35
What is a monoculture
Artificial growing of a single plant species in a habitat, disadvantages include decreased biodiversity and plants being more vulnerable to pests and disease
36
What is an invasive specices
A species that has been introduced by man into a habitat where they outcompete the native species because of the lack of predators Zebra Mussels into Great Lakes great for purifying water, bad for filtering out phytoplankton
37
What are viruses
Parasitic individuals that need a host like the human body to reproduce (5 - 300 nm big)
38
Characteristics of Viruses
Not cells, consist of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), infectious, surrounded by a protective protein coat called capsid, an outer membranous layer called an envelope
39
How are viruses classified
By their genetic material (DNA viruses contain DNA and RNA Viruses contain RNA), shape
40
What is a host range
Array of host cells that a virus can infect determined by a lock and key fit between a virus and a receptor on the surface of the cell, Broad host range (lots of hosts to infect)
41
What is a bacteriophage
Viruses that can only infect bacteria cells
42
Why are RNA viruses dangerous
70% of all viruses are RNA viruses, RNA viruses have frequent errors while reproducing making them mutate and harder to vaccinate because they are constantly changing
43
How do new viruses emerge
Mutation and evolution, spreading from one host to another, isolated location to widespread location like a tropical rainforest
44
How do viruses effect humans
The cell that a virus invades is destroyed when the virus reproduces and lyses open the cell to release new virus particles, this destruction causes illness, antibiotics do not destroy viral infections
45
How are viruses treated
Vaccines stimulate the body's immune system to fight off an invading virus by containing a weak or killed form of the microbe, There are vaccines for smallpox, chickenpox, mumps, polio, etc.
46
How do viruses reproduce
1. Lytic Cycle 2. Lysogenic Cycle
47
What is the lytic cycle
The virus/bacteriophage attaches to the host cell, injects viral DNA, which then takes over the cell and uses its machinery to replicate viral material, copies of the viral DNA assemble into new virus particles, and then Lysis breaks open the host cell destroying it and releasing hundreds of new virus particles
48
What is the Lysogenic Cycle
The virus takes over the host DNA, will NOT interfere with the host cell activity immediately and will allow the host to replicate unknowingly and at any time the virus can enter the lytic cycle and destroy the host. An example includes viral symptoms of HIV individuals might be delayed for 5-10 years
49
What is a retrovirus
Viruses that contain RNA as their genetic material, contain an enzyme called Reverse Transcriptase which allows them to create a copy of the viral DNA once the virus infects the cell.
50
What is a provirus
Once the reverse transcriptase creates makes a copy of the viral DNA from the RNA, this DNA is injected into the chromosomes of the host making it a provirus and will be replicated when the host cell divides through mitosis
51
Why are retroviruses hard to detect
They hide amongst the host DNA making it 'invisible'
52
Parts of a bacteriophage
Capsid Head at the top, Nucleic acid underneath the head, tail leading to the bottom, tail fibres connecting to the surface, baseplate lowers spikes into host between fibres
53
Characteristics of a Bacterial Cell
Very small, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, DNA in nucleoid region, usually unicellular
54
Parts of the Bacteria Cell
Flagellum, pilus, plasma membrane, cell wall, capsule, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes
55
What is the flagellum
Tail-like structure that rotates like propellers for transportation in environments
56
What are the Pili (pilus singular)
Hairlike structures that help bacteria attach to each other and surfaces, slight aid in movement as well
57
What is a capsule
Sticky coating surrounding some bacteria, acting as a self defense mechanism from the host cell's immune system
58
How can bacteria be classified through experiment
As the cell walls of bacteria are made of peptidoglycan, gram staining allows to differentiate different bacteria. Gram negative bacteria will appear pinkish-red when stained and Gram Positive will appear dark purple based on the concentrations of peptidoglycan in the cell walls.
59
How can bacteria be classified physically
Through shape: Spherical (Coccus), Rod-Shaped (Bacillus), and Spiral (Spirillum)
60
What are the different configurations of bacteria
Mono (on its own as one entity) Diplo (Two entities together) Strepto (Long chains, usually in single file) Staphylo (Clusters or Clumps)
61
What is cyanobacteria
The first life forms on Earth, also known as Blue-Green Algae, parents of every living thing, clean up sewage, can live in very hostile environments
62
What are thermophiles
Bacteria that can live through intense heat
63
What are acidophiles
Bacteria that can live through acidic environments
64
What are halophiles
Bacteria that can live through salty environments
65
What percent of bacteria cause disease
1%
66
What is Binary Fission
The process of asexual reproduction used by most prokaryotes, and some eukaryotes in which a cell divides into two genetically identical cells and takes place in ideal conditions within 20 minutes
67
What is conjugation
In less favorable conditions, some bacteria and/or archaea can exchange DNA by one cell called the male cell latching its pilus to the other and giving its DNA for recombination in the transferred DNA cell. This results in new genetic content after binary fission occurs
68
What is Sporulation
The process of making a bacterial cell dormant (endospore) in extremely unfavorable conditions so that the cell can survive for a longer period of tie and sustain the harsh environment. Endospores are hard-walled structures protecting the organism's genetic material. Have not been found in archaea yet.
69
What is the greatest cause of human death and illness
Infectious disease
70
How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
The sexual reproduction amongst bacteria and sharing of plasmids allows immunity against antibiotics to form in new bacteria (conjugation)
71
What is the morphological species concept
Based on body, shapes, and size. Advantage includes being widely used particularly for plants. disadvantages include having to decide howmuch variation is too much between individuals because all of them are non-identical
72
What is the biological species concept
Defines species based on whether the two can create fertile offspring. advantage includes widely used by scientists. Disadvantages include not being able to use it because two species are physically separated, cannot apply to fossil species or asexual organisms.
73
What is phylogenetic species concept
examines the evolutionary history of different species. Advantages include being able to be used on extinct species, allows DNA analysis to be used. disadvantage includes histories are not known for all species
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Biology (5 decks)

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