Evolution

Question 1

What does it mean to be extinct

Answer 1

a species that has completely disappeared from the earth

Question 2

What is an adaptation

Answer 2

A structural, behavioural, or physiological process that helps an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
Structural - Vision of an owl + Camoflauge
Behavioural - Nocturnal bat
Physiological - Hibernation

Question 3

What is hibernation

Answer 3

Hibernation is a physiological adaptation where organisms reduce metabolism to save energy.

Question 4

What is Mimicry

Answer 4

a structural adaptation in which a harmless species resembles a harmful species in coloration or structure (predators avioding monarch butterflies, but also viceroy butterflies because they mimic monarchs)

Question 5

How do adaptations develop?

Answer 5

Adaptations are a result of gradual, accumulative changes that help an organism survive and reproduce. Variations are structural, functional, or physiological differences between individuals. NOT ALL variations become adaptations.

Question 6

Significance of Peppered Moth

Answer 6

There were three varieties of the peppered moth in manchester England. Black was the most rare because they were easy to spot on tree covered in light-coloured lichen. As the industrial revolution came around, soot covered the trees and black moths became prominent over every generation. After the bill was passed for clean air legislation, soot decreased, trees started producing lichen and the black moths rarity increased again.

Question 7

What is variation within species

Answer 7

This variety of species is achieved through genetic information. Genetic variation in a population results from the variety of genetic information in all individuals in a population

Question 8

What are mutations

Answer 8

Mutations are permanent changes in genetic material of an organism; the only source of new genetic variation. Mutations can happen spontaneously in DNA duplication (S phase) or even caused by UV radiation and other environmental agents. They only become adaptations if they help the species, they can have a positive, negative or neutral effect

Question 9

Difference between mutations in somatic cells and gametes

Answer 9

mutation disappears from the population when the organism dies if it is in a somatic cell. If the mutation is in a gamete, it has the ability to be passed on to further generations.

Question 10

What is a selective advantage

Answer 10

A genetic advantage that improves an organism’s chance of survival, usually in a changing environment. This happens over time.

Question 11

What is natural selection

Answer 11

Natural selection is the process by which characteristics of a population change over many generations as organisms with heritable traits survive and reproduce passing their traits to their offspring. The environment is the selective agent as this process happens naturally and it is much slower than artificial selection. It has no purpose or direction, so it is situational

Question 12

What is selective pressure

Answer 12

Environmental conditions (biotic or abiotic) that select for certain characteristics of individuals and select against other characteristics.

Question 13

What is fitness

Answer 13

Fitness is the relative contribution a individual makes to the next generation by producing offspring that will survive long enough to reproduce. High fitness meaning the organism will survive and reproduce thereby passing its advantageous traits to its offspring.

Question 14

What is artificial selection

Answer 14

The selective pressure exerted by humans on populations in order to improve or modify particular desirable traits, a type of biotechnology

Question 15

What is biotechnology

Answer 15

The use of technology and organisms to produce useful products.

Question 16

What is the Illinois Experiment Station story of 1896

Answer 16

Corn plants with high oil contents were bred together and plants with low contents were bred together and corn oil increased to 18% in the higher population and to 1% in the lower population showing the use of artificial selection in crops for human advantage

Question 17

Consequences of Artificial selection

Answer 17

English bulldogs that are selectively bred for their flat faces faced severe respiratory problems. German shepherds have a common type of arthritis called hip dysplasia.

Question 18

What is a monoculture

Answer 18

extensive plantings of the same varieties of a species over a large expanse of land.

Question 19

What are gene banks

Answer 19

to prevent disasters that kill whole populations, gene banks contain populations of early ancestors of modern plants if the need for them arises.

Question 20

What is paleontology

Answer 20

The study of ancient life through the examination of fossils

Question 21

What is catastrophism

Answer 21

the idea that catastrophes such as floods, diseases, and droughts periodically destroyed species living in a particular region allowing species from other regions to repopulate the area or multiple creationism

Question 22

What is uniformitarianism

Answer 22

Charles Lyell’s theory based o hutton’s theory that geological process operated at the same rates in the past as they do today.

Question 23

What is the inheritance of acquired characteristics

Answer 23

The idea that characteristics acquired during an organism’s lifetime can be passed to its offspring (Wrong on talking about single organism, right that it has the environment as the selective agent)

Question 24

Theory of evolution by natural selection

Answer 24

a theory explaining how life has changed, and continues to change during Earth’s history

Question 25

What is evolution

Answer 25

The process of genetic change in a population over time.

Question 26

What is the Survival of the fittest

Answer 26

the idea that the fittest organisms leave the most offspring, so those organisms win for survival because of the advantageous characteristics passed down by the fittest

Question 27

What is descent with modification

Answer 27

Darwin's theory that natural selection does not demonstrate progress, but merely results from a specie's ability to survive local conditions at a specific time

Question 28

What is a fossil record

Answer 28

Sedimentary rock with fossils provides a fossil record of the history of life by showing the kinds of species that were alive in the past.

Question 29

What evidence does a fossil record provide

Answer 29

Fossils found in young layers of rock are similar to species alive today, fossils appear in chronological order in rock layers, not all organisms appear int he fossil record at the same time showing evolution from an ancestor

Question 30

What is a traditional fossil

Answer 30

A fossil that shows intermediary links between groups of organisms and shares characteristics common to two now separate groups. Example includes linking present day whales to terrestrial ancestors

Question 31

What is a vestigial structure

Answer 31

A structure that is a reduced version of a structure that was functional in the organism's ancestor, an example of this includes pelvic bone in the dorudon whale and baleen whales. Earlier forms of this whale with a more developed pelvis had heavier leg bones allowing it to live on land as well. This supports the theory of evolution by natural selection because over many generations, the species adapted to its environment of water from its terrestrial ancestor. Molar, expendix, ear muscles.

Question 32

What is a homologous structure?

Answer 32

Structure that have similar structural elements and origin but may have a different function. An example of this includes vertebrate forearms. Humans, frogs, bats, porpoises, and horses all have the same basic arrangement of bones however each are developed for a specific function. Bones in bat wings are light to allow flight and bones in horse arms are heavy and strong for running and carrying the immense weight. This helps prove the theory of evolution by natural selection because these homologous structures in each species evolved from a common ancestor under the influence of each new specie's environment (Natural selection) hand bones in animal wings.

Question 33

What are Analogous structures?

Answer 33

Structures of organisms that do not have a common evolutionary origin but perform similar functions. An example of analogous structures include mammal hair. All mammal hair has the same basic structure with the central medulla surrounded by a dense cortex which contains the pigment that gives hair colour. However, different mammals will have different hair in terms of length, density like the stout, strong hairs of a porcupine and the Soft and fluffy underfur of a musk-ox. Each of these species' hair has adapted for fitness in their environment based on it as well making the environment the selective agent and proving the theory of evolution by natural selection.WINGS.

Question 34

What are all types of evidence to prove origin of species/theory of evolution

Answer 34

DNA, Embryology, Anatomy (Homologous, Analogous, and vestigial), Biogeography, and Fossils

Question 35

What evidence proves most of Darwin and Wallace's conclusions?

Answer 35

The study of biogeography which studies the past and present geographical distribution of species populations.

Question 36

Who is Baron Georges Cuvier?

Answer 36

Scientist that stated the theory of catastrophism which said that catastrophes destroyed species in a region and allowed for other species to repopulate the area. The strengths of this theory was that is was based on explaining that fossils were of extinct species. Its weakness was not being able to explain the progressive complexity of species found in these fossils

Question 37

Who is Sir Charles Lyell

Answer 37

Came up with the theory of uniformitarianism which states that geological processes operated at the same rates in the past as they do in the present and these subtle processes lead to substantial change over time in the Earth. This helped Darwin think about if the theory could be applied to species of organisms. He published this work in the principles of geology book

Question 38

Who is Lamarack

Answer 38

Scientist that recognized the key role that the environment plays in evolution. He came up with the theory of inheritance of acquired traits which sates that traits developed by organism in its lifetime can be passed on to its offspring. He was wrong when he was talking about a single organism, but right when identifying the environment as the selective agent

Question 39

Who is Charles Darwin

Answer 39

Commonly known as the father of evolution, Darwin came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection which states that life has changed and continues to change during earth's history. He also called survival of the fittest Natural selection. Read Lyell's book to help him apply geology principles to populations of species. Took 5 year trip on HMS beagle to galapagos island off coast of south america and noticed that species of animals were similar to those of mainland, however different amongst each other on the island. He specifically looked at finches and Tortoises. after presenting the theory with wallace, darwin went on to publish The origin of species with more detailed finidngs and information he had collected prior to presenting. Darwin also read Malthus' essay on principles of population to come up with natural selection being about animals competing and passing good traits on to offspring

Question 40

Who is alfred wallace

Answer 40

Came to very similar conclusions separately with respect to Darwin and evolution and presented the Theory of evolution by natural selection with Darwin.

Question 41

Who is thomas malthus

Answer 41

An economist that wrote principles of population (essay) stating that populations produced more offspring than their environment could support in ways like food or predators, etc. This helped Darwin reach the conclusion that animals had to compete or struggle to survive and those who did past their traits to their offspring for species continuation

Question 42

What was darwins evidence that life forms change over time and vary place to place

Answer 42

1. Plants and animals observed in the temperate regions of south america were more simmilar to plants and animals in the south american tropics. 2. Darwin found fossils of extinct animals that looked very similar to those of present-day animals 3. Animals such as tortoises and finches varied from island to island (over 13 types of finches discovered) 4. Lyell's principles of geology stating that Earth went through and continues to go through slow and gradual changes 5. Darwin applied Lyell's theory to species of populations

Question 43

How did darwin investigate variations in species

Answer 43

He artificially bred pigeons and realized that all species have inherited variations that can be selected by man

Question 44

How does a hypothesis differ from a theory?

Answer 44

A hypothesis is a statement that provides one possible answer to a question or observation and are then tested to determine their validity. A theory is when a hypothesis consistently leads to successful predictions and explanations synthesized into one general statement

Question 45

What were many early ideas about origins of species based from

Answer 45

Religion and philosophy

Question 46

How does Linnaeus's system of classification help

Answer 46

Allowed recognizing similarities and differences between organisms

Question 47

What did Buffon note in his work

Answer 47

His work went against religious and philisophical beliefs by saying humans and apes have a common ancestor and Earth was much older than 6000 years

Question 48

What are fossils

Answer 48

Fossils are preserved remains of a once-living organism preserved in amber, permafrost, dry caves, and commonly rock

Question 49

What does the orchid mantis do

Answer 49

The orchid mantis is able to appear as a blooming orchid and uses this advantage to easily obtain food.

Question 50

What is intersexual selection

Answer 50

Selection based on animals (usually males) trying to attract a member of the opposite sex. Many species use this tactic

Question 51

What is intrasexual selection

Answer 51

Based on males fighting, intimidating, or deterring each other. Most animals get violent towards animals of the same gender during mating season

Question 52

What is an example of non-random mating

Answer 52

Inbreeding, animals tend to not mate randomly

Question 53

How do mosquitoes become resistant to pesticides

Answer 53

Some mosquitoes will not get killed off (1-5%), they survive, pass resistance to offspring, offspring reproduce. Read's method says to dilute the pesticide, only killing bugs past reproductive age which means not selecting for mosquitoes which are resistant to the pesticide.

Question 54

What is a pheromone

Answer 54

Chemical substance secreted by an animal that causes a reaction in members of its own species. Used to warn predators, mark territory, signal danger, etc.

Question 55

Examples of warning/signalling

Answer 55

Animals that are highly noticeable: bright colours or distinct regions usually meaning their venomous. Defense mechanisms include venom, stings, fangs, and repellant

Question 56

What is protective resemblance

Answer 56

Evolvement of a species to increase chance of survival, using markings, colour, or shape and sound.

Question 57

How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

Answer 57

Improper use can lead to mutant bacteria that produce offspring resistant to the treatment

Question 58

What are the 6 main types of evidence

Answer 58

Fossils, biogeography, homologous and analogous structures, vestigial structures, embryology, and molecular biology

Question 59

What are derived traits?

Answer 59

Newly evolved features, such as feathers, that do not appear in the fossils of common ancestors

Question 61

What is Gene flow? Give an example ?

Answer 61

Any migration of genes (alleles) from one population to another. If genes are carried to a population where those jeans previously did not exist, gene flow can be a very important source of genetic variation. Change allele frequency in both populations. Example is juvenile male wolves or lions being driven out of the pack to avoid inbreeding.

Question 62

What is Genetic drift? Give an example.

Answer 62

When populations are small, chance can play a significant role in altering allele frequencies. And example is if 1 out of 50 frogs carries a particular gene it is much more likely to be spread than in a much larger population. This is bad because if there is a particular disease or toxin that attacks that allele the whole population could be wiped out. Will result in extreme jump or extinction of the allele no in between.

Question 63

What is the bottleneck effect? Give an example.

Answer 63

A dramatic reduction in population size, resulting in a significant drift in gene distribution. This can result in a population having extremely similar genetics (genetically identical) An example is cheetahs and elephant seals. This can result in one disease wiping out a whole population.

Question 64

What is the Founder effect? Give an example.

Answer 64

When a small number if individuals separate from their original population and start a new population, this also results in genetic drift. An example is an Amish Community in Pennsylvania are all the citizens of 30 people, one of the founders had a rare recessive allele that cause short limbs therefore the frequency of this alleles that is 7% compared to 0.1% and most populations

Question 65

What is evidence from biogeography?

Answer 65

Similar animals are found in different locations around the world. Animals ended up evolving similar features for their environment, because of their location on earth. They look the same but live in different areas. This is because of Pangaea spreading into Gondwana and Laurasia. Then eventually the

Question 66

What is embryology? Give examples

Answer 66

Comparing embryos. An embryo is the earliest stage of growth and development of both plants and animals. Animal embryos have similar stages of embryonic development indicating a common ancestor. An example is all vertebrae embryos have paired pouches that turn into the throat. And fish they develop into girls but a human to become part of ears and throat.

Question 67

What is evidence from molecular biology? Give examples.

Answer 67

Molecular biology is the comparison of DNA or RNA different species producing bio chemical evidence of evolution. Common ancestry can be seen in the complex metabolic molecules that many different organisms share. Comparing in amino acids and proteins across species reflect evolution airy pattern seen in comparative anatomy and in the fossil record. And example of this is a human and monkeys having an 8 amino acid difference which is very close compared to humans and frogs having 67 different.

Question 68

What is a gene pool? Give an example

Answer 68

A gene pool is the set of all genes or genetic information in a population. Usually of a particular species. Example is frogs in a pond or trees in a forest.

Question 69

What is non random mating? Give an example.

Answer 69

Mating among individuals on the basis of mate selection for a particular phenotype or do to inbreeding. An example of this breeding occurs in species like humans, peacocks, and frogs.

Question 70

What is interbreeding?

Answer 70

The act of mixing different species or varieties of animals and plants to produce a hybrid. Changing the gene pool of a population. An example is diffrent species or dogs.

Question 71

Diffrence between interbreeding and inbreeding.

Answer 71

Inbreeding is mating between blood relatives. Interbreeding is the mating between unrelated animals from different species or different type of animal to produce a hybrid (cross bred).

Question 72

What is sexual selection?

Answer 72

Natural selection for mating based, in general, on competition between males through combat or visual display and choices made by females. Examples of this include the fighting of caribou over females, the colourful feathers and inflated air sacs in grouse and antlers in male deer.

Question 73

What is speciation

Answer 73

formation of new species from existing species

Question 74

What are the two types of prezygotic isolation

Answer 74

Prevention of mating and prevention of fertilization

Question 75

What is the post-zygotic isolating mechanism

Answer 75

prevention of hybrids by either stopping zygote in development, sterile offspring or if the first generation makes it by, their offspring will be weak or sterile

Question 76

What is divergent evolution

Answer 76

The future generations of a species become increasingly distinct from its ancestors due to adapting to its environment eventually developing into two different species

Question 77

What is convergent evolution

Answer 77

Two unrelated species that share similar traits as they have had to adapt to similar environmental conditions like birds and bees with wings.