Orga Du Genome IA Flashcards
Where is DNA located in eukaryotes like humans?
In the nucleus (chromosomal DNA) and mitochondria (mitochondrial DNA)
Mitochondrial DNA is distinct and not found in the cytosol
How many pairs of autosomes and sex chromosomes are in humans?
22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of gonosomes
Gonosomes are either XX (female) or XY (male)
What is a caryotype?
The chromosomal formula of a cell or species
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
To produce chemical energy in the form of ATP
Mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane
What is the evolutionary origin of mitochondria believed to be?
A symbiotic relationship with a primitive eukaryote and a bacterium
This is why mitochondrial DNA resembles prokaryotic DNA
How many mitochondrial genomes are typically found in a cell?
Several thousand
Each mitochondrion contains 5 to 10 copies of its circular double-stranded genome
What is the size of the mitochondrial genome in humans?
Approximately 16,000 base pairs
What is the percentage of coding DNA in the mitochondrial genome?
93% is coding DNA
The rest is involved in mitochondrial genome replication
Nb et type de gènes codés par les mitochondries
37 gènes
* 13 protein-coding genes
* 2 mitochondrial-specific rRNA genes
* 22 tRNA coding genes
How is mitochondrial DNA inherited?
Exclusively maternally
Paternal mitochondria are degraded during fertilization
What is the average size of a human gene?
27 kb, with a coding sequence of 1340 bp
What percentage of the human genome is non-coding?
More than 98%
This includes introns and repetitive elements
What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
It is a component of ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs
What are pseudogenes?
Genes that are derived from functional genes but do not express due to structural modifications
What is the difference between orthologous and paralogous genes?
- Orthologous: homologous genes in different species
- Paralogous: homologous genes within the same species
What are conserved non-genic sequences (CNG)?
Highly conserved sequences that do not code for proteins, making up about 1% of the genome
Fill in the blank: The human genome project was completed in _______.
2003
True or False: The majority of the nuclear genome is coding.
False
What is the role of microRNAs (miRNAs)?
They regulate gene expression
What are the two main types of repetitive sequences in the genome?
- Transposable elements
- Tandem repeats
Quelle est la conservation génétique entre l’Homme et la Souris ?
Au moins 70%
Cette conservation suggère des similitudes évolutives dans les gènes.
Quel est le rôle des CNG dans l’expression des gènes ?
Régulent l’expression des gènes, notamment des gènes du développement embryonnaire
Les mutations dans ces CNG peuvent entraîner des malformations ou des maladies.
Quelle proportion du génome humain est constituée de séquences répétées ?
Plus de 50%
Ces séquences incluent des éléments mobiles et des transposables.