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Oregon Department of Agriculture > Oregon Safety > Flashcards

Oregon Safety Flashcards

0
Q

Which Federal agency registers pesticides in the U.S.?

A

EPA

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1
Q

What federal law authorized the regulation of pesticides as we know it?

A

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

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2
Q

What is pesticide tolerance?

A

Maximum amount of pesticide residue that is allowed on food and feed crops.

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3
Q

Which federal agency sets food tolerances for pesticides? Which agency enforces these tolerances?

A

EPA, FDA

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4
Q

Which are two types of penalties FIFRA allows for applicators who violate the law?

A

Civil penalties for those who violate the law unintentionally. Criminal penalties for those who violate the law knowingly.

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5
Q

Which act authorizes the EPA to manage hazardous waste.

A

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976.

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6
Q

Which agency and what act have direct direct regulatory roles in the application of a herbicide on forestland a in Oregon.

A

The federal Aviation Administration and the Oregon Forest Practices Act.

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7
Q

What state agency administers the EPA Worker Protection Standard in Oregon?

A

Oregon OSHA

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8
Q

What state agency administers the Hazard Communication Standard?

A

Oregon OSHA

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9
Q

What agency enforces the installation of back-siphon or anti-siphon devices on chemigation?

A

Oregon Water Resources Department

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10
Q

What act makes it illegal to harm a threatened or endangered species?

A

Endangered Species Act of 1973

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11
Q

Which species is closer to extinction: an endangered or a threatened species?

A

Endangered species

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12
Q

Can a private applicator spray a highly toxic pesticide for a neighbor who is not licensed?

A

No

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13
Q

Can a private pesticide applicator legally apply a general use herbicide along the fence of the school playground, if the school board president asks him to do so?

A

No

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14
Q

What is toxicity?

A

Toxicity is how poisonous a substance is to a living system, such as a human being, and animal, a lake, or a forest.

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15
Q

Name four ways pesticides can enter the body?

A

Skin (dermally), ingestion (orally), eyes (ocular), breathing (inhalation)

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16
Q

Some pesticides can be as dangerous when they are absorbed through the skin as they are when they are swallowed.

A

True

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17
Q

Which is absorbed more easily through the skin-an oil or water based pesticide solution?

A

oil-soluble

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18
Q

Name three areas of the body surface that absorb pesticides more quickly than others.

A

eyes, ears, forehead, scalp, and groin

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19
Q

Which are the two most common routes of entry for the pesticide handler?

A

Dermal and inhalation

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20
Q

What should you do to avoid getting pesticides in your mouth by mistake?

A

Wash hands properly after applying pesticides, especially before eating or smoking. Never store pesticides in any food or drink container.

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21
Q

What is pesticide exposure?

A

Pesticide exposure is when a chemical contacts a body surface.

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22
Q

Name and define the two types of pesticide exposure.

A

Acute: one time or limited contact.
Chronic: contact with a pesticide again and again

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23
Q

Which type of pesticide exposure is easier to detect and study?

A

Acute effects are easier to detect and study

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24
Q

Explain the difference between exposure and dose.

A

exposure is when a chemical contacts a body surface. Dose is how much chemical is actually absorbed into the bloodstream.

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25
Q

Explain the difference between acute toxicity and chronic toxicity.

A

Acute toxicity: how poisonous a substance is after acute exposure.
Chronic Toxicity: how poisonous a substance is after chronic exposure at low doses over a long period of time.

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26
Q

What does LD50 mean? To what does it refer? What does LC50 mean? To what does it refer?

A

Lethal Dose 50. It is the dose of a chemical that kills half of the animals in a dose-response study.
Lethal Concentration 50. It is the amount of chemical in the air that causes half of the animals to die when they inhale it.

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27
Q

The higher the LD50 the more toxic the pesticide. True or False?

A

False. The higher the LD50, the less toxic the pesticide.

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28
Q

How many parts per million (ppm) is 6 milligrams per kilogram?

A

Six milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) is the same as 6 parts per million (ppm). (A milligram is 1 millionth of a kilogram).

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29
Q

Name and describe 5 types of of effects of pesticides to humans.

A

Teratogenic effects: deformities in unborn offspring
Carcinogenic effects: cause cancer
Mutagenic effects: cause mutations
Neurotoxicity: poison the nervous system
Immunotoxicity: blocks natural defense of immune system
Local or systemic, immediate or delayed, reversible or irreversible, singular, additive or synergistic.

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30
Q

What types of toxicity are label signal words and warning statements based on?

A

A pesticides acute oral or dermal toxicity (LD50), acute inhalation toxicity (LC50), and eye and skin irritation effects.

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31
Q

Which signal words are required on the label for pesticides classified as: Relatively nontoxic? Highly toxic, slightly toxic? moderately toxic?

A

Caution!, Danger-Poison!, Caution!, Warning!

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32
Q

Is there a difference between the toxicity and hazard of a substance? What is the difference?

A

Toxicity is how poisonous it is to a living system. Hazard is the chance or risk that danger or harm will result from the use of a pesticide.

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33
Q

Is a highly toxic substance always very hazardous?

A

No. It can pose a lower risk or hazard if it is handled properly.

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34
Q

What are some of the factors that make a chemical hazardous?

A

toxicity, skill of the handler, type of pesticide, health of exposed person, formulation, concentration and dosage used.

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35
Q

What is the difference between a deposit and a residue?

A

Pesticide found on leaves, skin, or other surfaces just after application is the deposit. The deposit that remains on the surface for after a certain length of time is the residue.

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36
Q

How can long-lasting residues be desirable? Undesirable?

A

Pesticide is effective for a longer period of time.
Long-lasting residue on food or feed crops could be a hazard to those who eat it. Residues that remain in the soil might affect crops planted at a later date. residues can poison anyone who enters a treated area.

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37
Q

What is tolerance? When must a tolerance be set?

A

Maximum amount of residue allowed to remain on a harvested food or feed crop. A tolerance must be set before a pesticide is registered.

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38
Q

Can a food or feed crop have more than the set tolerance of a pesticide on it and still be marketed legally?

A

No. The crop could be condemned by state or federal regulatory agencies.

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39
Q

Do all food and feed products you buy have the maximum tolerance of each pesticide registered in that crop?

A

No. Most of the time, pesticide residues are at a level far below the tolerance.

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40
Q

What is a minor-use pesticide?

A

Those used on small acreage crops. They do not make much profit for their manufacturers compared to the high cost of registration.

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41
Q

What does the term NOEL mean?

A

No Observed Effect Level. It is the highest dose in a dose-response study that does not cause an adverse effect that scientists can observe.

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42
Q

At least what margin of safety (the safety factor) is used in setting tolerances?

A

At least 100 times the lower than the NOEL

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43
Q

The FQPA (Food Quality Protection Act) requires that pesticide tolerances be “safe”. How do they define safe?

A

“reasonable certainty that no harm will result from aggregate exposure”.

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44
Q

How does the FQPA (Food Quality Protection Act) define aggregate exposure?

A

“All possible residue exposure from all foods (and water), residential (non-occupational), and occupational uses for which tolerances have been granted for the same pesticide, and all pesticides with a similar mechanism of toxicity.”

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45
Q

What is a pre-harvest interval?

A

The least number of days allowed between the last pesticide application and the harvest or slaughter day.

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46
Q

What is the reference dose? How is it figured?

A

RDF is the dose of chemical that a person can be exposed to daily without being likely to suffer an adverse effect over a lifetime. To figure the RDF the EPA divides the NOEL by a safety factor (or uncertainty factor) or at least 100. In other words, the RDF is at least 100 times lower than the NOEL.

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47
Q

How does a pesticide cancellation differ from a suspension?

A

Cancellation means that all products to which the judgement applies no longer may be sold or distributed in the U.S. In most cases, the pesticide remains on the market during the cancellation process. If the EPA thinks that leaving the product on the market would pose too high a risk, it can issue a suspension order. The suspension order bans the sale or use of the pesticide until the pesticide’s status is decided.

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48
Q

When a pesticide turns into vapor and moves off target, what is this called?

A

Vapor drift

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49
Q

Name four of the eight factors that affect drift.

A

evaporation, particle size, nozzle design and placement, pressure, height of nozzle, air movement, temperature, humidity

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50
Q

What are two atmospheric conditions that increase pesticide drift?

A

Wind direction and speed, temperature and humidity.

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51
Q

How can you protect honeybees from pesticide exposure?

A

Apply the right pesticide the right way. Do not apply to crops, trees, or weeds in bloom. Make applications in the evening. Use a pesticide that breaks down in a few hours. Do not treat near hives.

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52
Q

How can the use of pesticides affect wildlife?

A

Pesticides can affect breeding and birth. Pesticide applications also can alter habitat or reduce food supply, which harms wildlife.

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53
Q

How do mammals, fish, and birds build up high pesticide residue levels in their bodies?

A

A steady diet of plants or animals that have pesticides in them can result in the build up of some pesticides in the bodies of animals, including humans.

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54
Q

How do pesticides reach ground water?

A

Pesticides can move downward with rain or irrigation water and reach the water table below. Pesticides can enter a well from a spill or back-siphon and enter the ground water directly.

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55
Q

When can a pesticide be a dangerous pollutant?

A

Pesticides are dangerous when they drift off-target or are applied in amounts greater than the rate recommended on the label. Carelessness contributes to pollution of the environment.

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56
Q

How do pesticides reach streams and ponds?

A

Runoff polluted water and soil erosion carry pesticides to water sources.

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57
Q

How do you change pressure to reduce liquid droplet drift?

A

Reduce pressure and increase the droplet size. Larger droplets drift less.

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58
Q

What are two things that could happen if a pesticide drifts onto forage or pastureland or into drinking water?

A

People, pets, wildlife, and sensitive plants can be injured by pesticide exposure. Pasture grasses can be destroyed. Milk or meat can contain illegal pesticide residues if cattle eat contaminated forage. Water can become too contaminated to drink, aquatic organisms can be destroyed, and the cost of cleaning will be very high.

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59
Q

What is an aquifer? Why is it important?

A

An aquifer is a geologic formation of permeable rock, sand, or gravel that stores large amounts of water. Many people use water from aquifers for drinking.

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60
Q

What do we call the complex relationship of all animals (including humans) who need each other for food.

A

Food Chain

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61
Q

What is the best way to protect against groundwater pollution?

A

Prevention

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62
Q

Where are humans in the food chain?

A

Near the top

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63
Q

What is a non accumulative pesticide?

A

Non accumulative pesticides do not build up in the bodies of animals or in the tissues of plants.

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64
Q

What is the difference between accumulative and persistent pesticides?

A

Accumulative pesticides slowly build up in the bodies of animals or plants. Persistent pesticides remain in the environment without breaking down.

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65
Q

Do persistant pesticides accumulate?

A

No. Persistant pesticides remain in the environment without breaking down. This does not mean they also have the necessary characteristics to accumulate in animals or plants.

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66
Q

Do persistant pesticides cause much harm to the environment? Why?

A

They can, but sometimes persistence is helpful. Long lasting or persistent pesticides protect wood in structures from termites. There are persistent pesticides that stay on target, control specific pests, and cause no adverse environmental impact.

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67
Q

Briefly describe the water cycle.

A

Precipitation, surface water, groundwater, evaporation.

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68
Q

What is an endangered species?

A

A species at risk of extinction throughout all or a large portion of its range.

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69
Q

Name three ways pesticides break down after application.

A

Microbial, chemical, and photo degradation.

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70
Q

What legal responsibility do you have for wearing the PPE that the pesticide labeling lists for your handling task?

A

By law, you must wear at least the PPE listed on the label for the handling task you are performing. You are allowed to wear more if you would like.

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71
Q

How can you tell when a material is not chemical-resistant to the pesticide you are handling?

A

Material may change color, become soft or spongy, swell or bubble up, dissolve or become like jelly, crack or get holes, or become stiff or brittle.

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72
Q

When should you wear chemical-resistant gloves? Why are gloves so important to a pesticide handler?

A

Wear chemical-resistant gloves any time pesticide could get on your hands, except when you are handling fumigants whose labeling may direct you not wear gloves. The hands get more exposure to pesticides than other body parts do.

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73
Q

If you need to remove your gloves during a handling task, what is the best way to remove them and put them back on?

A

Wash your gloves well before you take them off.
Wash and dry your hands very well.
Then, put your gloves back on again.

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74
Q

When should you wear protective headgear? What type of headgear should you use?

A

Whenever you could be exposed to pesticides from above, wear protective headgear to help keep the pesticide off your head, neck, eyes, mouth, and face. Wear a chemical-resistant hood or wide-brimmed hat.

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75
Q

When the pesticide labeling states that you must use protective eyewear, what should you wear?

A

Chemical-resistant goggles or safety glasses with a full-face shield.

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76
Q

What are differences among dust/mist-filtering respirators, vapor-removing respirators, and air-supplying respirators?

A

Dust/mist-filtering respirators are masks or cartridges that filter dust, mists, and powders. Vapor-removing respirators use a cartridge or canister to remove pesticide gases and vapors from the air. Air-supplying respirators provide you with clean air either from an air tank or from a location where the air is not contaminated with pesticides.

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77
Q

What special hazards do fumigants pose for pesticide handlers?

A

Serious inhalation hazard. Some fumigants can cause severe skin irritation or poisoning if they are trapped next to the skin by tight clothing or chemical resistant PPE.

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78
Q

What should you do with a coverall that has highly toxic pesticide concentrate spilled on it?

A

Discard. It cannot be cleaned well enough.

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79
Q

What should you tell the people who wash your clothing about how to protect themselves from pesticides?

A

Wear chemical-resistant gloves and apron. Work in an area where there is lots of fresh air and avoid inhaling steam from the washer and dryer.

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80
Q

What should you do when you are finished using your respirator for the day?

A
  • Discard items that cannot be re-used
  • Take off the pre filters and cartridges or canisters. Discard them. If you can re-use them, wipe them with a clean cloth, replace filters and caps, and seal them in an airtight container. A zip-close plastic bag works well.]
  • Wash the respirator body and face piece and wipe the exterior or resizable filters. Soak them for 2 minutes in 2 tablespoons of bleach and 1 gallon of hot water for 2 minutes. Rinse well and dry in a clean area.
  • Store respirators and parts in a clean airtight container
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81
Q

How do you know when to replace dust/mist masks, pre filters, and vapor-removing canisters and cartridges?

A

Change immediately if you have trouble breathing. Usually every 8 hours. change immediately if you feel dizzy or irritated from pesticide vapors.

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82
Q

how should you clean your washing machine after washing contaminated clothing?

A

Run one more complete cycle using hot water and detergent.

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83
Q

What is a symptom of pesticide poisoning? What is a sign of pesticide poisoning?

A

Symptom is a feeling or other effect that only the person who has been poisoned can notice. A sign of poisoning can be seen by others.

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84
Q

Are the signs and symptoms of pesticide poisoning very different from the symptoms of other kinds of sickness?

A

No. Many signs and symptoms of pesticide poisoning are like sickness or other types of poisoning.

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85
Q

Are the signs and symptoms for all cases of pesticide poisoning the same?

A

No. Many signs and symptoms vary depending on the pesticide, dose, and time since exposure.

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86
Q

Name four signs or symptoms of pesticide poisoning. Name two signs or symptoms of a pesticide irritant.

A
  • Poisoning: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, headache, dizziness, weakness, confusion, excessive sweating, chills, thirst, chest pains, difficult breathing, muscle cramps, aches all over body.
  • Irritants: redness, blisters, rash, burns on skin, swelling, a stinging sensation, burns in the eyes, nose, mouth, and throat
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87
Q

Who should you call if you suspect that you (or a co-worker) have been poisoned by pesticides?

A

Doctor or poison center

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88
Q

What is the first thing you should do if you or someone else is overexposed to pesticides.

A

Call Oregon poison center or a doctor

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89
Q

Why should your doctor know which pesticides you normally use?

A

So they will better be able to treat you if you are poisoned by pesticides.

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90
Q

What is most important to do if poison is on the victim’s skin or in his eyes?

A

Wash with plenty of running water.

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91
Q

What do you do first if the victim has inhaled poison? How do you protect yourself.

A

Carry the patient to fresh air right away. Wear a respirator if the victim is in an enclosed space.

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92
Q

If a person has swallowed a poison, always make him or her vomit except in 4 cases. Which are they?

A
  1. If the label says not to. 2. The victim is unconscious or in convulsions. 3. The victim has swallowed corrosive poison. 4. The victim has swallowed petroleum products.
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93
Q

What can you use to adsorb poisons that the victim has swallowed? How is it used?

A

High-potency activated charcoal is used to adsorb many poisons. Mix it with water to make a thick syrup for the victim to drink.

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94
Q

Why shouldn’t you carry atropine?

A

Atropine can be poisonous if misused. Use it only under a doctor’s direction.

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95
Q

Describe shock. What can you do for it?

A

The skin is pale, moist, cold and clammy. The eyes are empty and dull with dilated pupils. Breathing is shallow and uneven. The pulse is very weak, rapid, and uneven. The victim might be in faint. Raise the victim’s legs 1 to 1 1/2 feet above the head. Keep the victim warm and quiet. Reassure him often.

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96
Q

Where do you get the water you need for pesticide first aid?

A

Keep a thermos or large plastic bottle (at least one quart) of clean water in a first-aid kit. Use ponds, hoses, or running streams, if they are there.

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97
Q

Who should you call in Oregon if you think someone has been poisoned by pesticides?

A

The Oregon poison center or a doctor.

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98
Q

What is heat stress?

A

The illness that occurs when the body is subjected to more heat than it can cope with.

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99
Q

What are some common signs and symptoms of heat stress?

A

fatigue, headache, nausea, chills, dizziness and fainting, severe thirst and dry mouth, clammy skin or hot dry skin, heavy sweating or no sweating, change in behavior (confusion, slurred speech, arguing, or not making sense

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100
Q

If you are not sure whether a person is sick from heat stress or pesticide poisoning, what should you do?

A

Call a doctor. In the meantime, give first aid. Move the person to a safe place away from pesticides. Remove the victim’s PPE or anything that could be contaminating their skin or making them warm. Use water to clean and cool skin. Give them plenty of cool water to drink. Keep them quiet till help arrives.

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101
Q

What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?

A

Method to decide which pest-control tactics to use and how to use them. The tactics must be safe for the environment. They must make economic sense.

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102
Q

What are some benefits of IPM?

A

IPM keeps a balanced ecosystem, is not hard to use, saves money, promotes a healthy environment, and maintains a good public image.

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103
Q

IPM is based on preventing pest buildup, monitoring for pests, assessing what you find, and deciding what action to take. What does each of these steps involve?

A
  1. Cultural and biological controls and physical barriers 2. Checking an area often, proper and early identification, identification of the effectiveness of biological control agents 3. Determining potential for pest populations to reach an economic threshold or economic injury level 4. using aspects of IPM to prevent loss or damage
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104
Q

Why is it important to know exactly what the pest is?

A

The control method used may may work on one species but not another. Also, you do not want to kill creatures that are not pests.

105
Q

What is an economic threshold? What does it have to do with IPM?

A

Highest number of pests beyond which there is a risk of economic loss. Major factor in preventing loss of yield or quality.

106
Q

Name three different types of controls used in IPM. Give an example of each.

A

Cultural controls disrupt the pest’s environment. (Crop rotation) Biological controls use a pests natural enemies to keep the number of pests low. (Mites that feed on pest mites) Physical barriers are materials such as nets over fruits and screens in greenhouses.

107
Q

What makes us call an organism a pest?

A

Anything that harms, spreads disease, or competes with humans, domestic animals, or feed crops.

108
Q

What percentage of insects in agricultural fields are pests?

A

About 3 percent of insects in agricultural fields are considered pests.

109
Q

Name the three main body parts of an insect.

A

Head, thorax, and abdomen.

110
Q

Give three examples of pests that look like insects, but are not.

A

Arachnids, centipedes, millipedes, and crustaceans

111
Q

What causes plant disease?

A

Biological agents called pathogens

112
Q

Name five creatures associated with plant disease.

A

Bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoans, nematodes

113
Q

Give three examples of how weeds can be pests.

A

Skin irritation, poisoning, hinder fishing, clog drainage areas

114
Q

Name the three types of life cycles that plants have.

A

Annuals, biennials, and perennials.

115
Q

What does the word “vertebrate” mean?

A

Animals with a jointed backbone

116
Q

Give two examples of a vertebrate pest.

A

Rodents, some birds, deer, and raccoons.

117
Q

What is a pesticide?

A

Any substance used to prevent, destroy, or repel any form of life declared to be a pest.

118
Q

Does the word “insecticide” mean the same as “pesticide”?

A

No. Insecticide only kills insects. It is just one type of pesticide.

119
Q

How does a systemic insecticide contact the pest?

A

A systemic moves inside the plant or animal to all of its parts. When an insect feeds on the plant or animal, it swallows the chemical.

120
Q

What must you think about when you choose to use a broad-spectrum or a specific insecticide?

A

Will beneficial insects die? Do I really need to use an insecticide that kills more than one species?

121
Q

Miticides are like ____icides in action and application.

A

Insecticides

122
Q

What pests do fungicides control?

A

Molds, rots, and plant diseases

123
Q

What are the two basic approaches in the use of fungicides?

A

To protect against disease or to kill the disease organism after it appears.

124
Q

Would you choose a selective or nonselective herbicide to control sees in a park?

A

A selective herbicide

125
Q

Why is the timing of an herbicide application so important?

A

To affect the target without harming other plants

126
Q

Explain pre plant, preemergence, and post emergence herbicide application.

A

Preplant is before the crop is planted, Preemergence is before the crop and weeds appear, Postemergence is after the both the crop and weeds appear.

127
Q

What types of chemicals can you use to change the crop itself?

A

Growth regulators

128
Q

Pesticides that control mammals, birds, and fish are often grouped with ______icides.

A

Rodenticides

129
Q

What are nematodes?

A

tiny hairlike worms

130
Q

What do chitlin inhibitors do?

A

Keep insects from making the substance that forms their hard body. When the insect molts, it dies because it cannot make a new hard skin.

131
Q

Are repellents subject to the provisions of FIFRA?

A

Yes. Repellents are registered pesticides.

132
Q

Does the label state which protective equipment you need for cautious use of each pesticide?

A

Yes. The label states the PPE.

133
Q

If the intended use is not listed on the label, but you are pretty sure it works, should you go ahead and use it anyway?

A

No. If the intended use is not on the label, do not use it. Use of a pesticide on a site not listed on the label is against the law.

134
Q

If you use a material in a way that is not registered and problems arise, are you liable?

A

Yes. The pesticide applicator is liable for the misuse of pesticide.

135
Q

Is the label something the manufacturer invents just to help sell a product?

A

No. The label itself is approved and registered by the EPA.

136
Q

What are the toxicity warnings on the label based on?

A

The highest toxicity of the pesticide via its most sensitive route of exposure.

137
Q

EPA registers the pesticide and the label only when there is proof that what things will not be harmed?

A

The applicator, the public, and the environment oars protected.

138
Q

Do all labels give the official common names for the pesticides in the container?

A

No. Only common names accepted by the EPA are on the label. The common name is not required by law to be listed.

139
Q

What two words must appear on all labels for highly toxic products?

A

The words POISON and DANGER.

140
Q

What labels must carry an Antidote or Note to Physician statement?

A

DANGER labels.

141
Q

Is the signal word WARNING required on labels for moderately toxic products?

A

Yes. The word WARNING is required on labels for moderately toxic pesticides.

142
Q

All labels for slightly toxic materials must carry the word ______.

A

CAUTION

143
Q

What are some other recommendations on the label?

A

The recommended crop and the site to be protected; the equipment; the quantity of pesticide; mixing directions; compatibility with other products; health precautions; and the location and timing of applications.

144
Q

Name the four times you need to rest the label.

A
  1. Before you buy 2. before you mix 3. before you apply 4. before you store
145
Q

Where can you find details on the disposal of unused pesticides and containers?

A

The label specifies steps for both the pesticide and the container.

146
Q

When a pesticide active ingredient is mixed with solvents, wetting agents, stickers, powders, or granules, the final product is called a _______.

A

Formulation

147
Q 
What are the common abbreviations for these types of formulations? 
Wettable powder\_\_\_\_\_
Emulsifiable concentrate\_\_\_\_
Dust\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Granules\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

WP, EC, D, G.

148
Q

What must you think about when choosing the best formulation for your job? 6 items

A
  1. Habits of pests 2. the plant, the animal, or surface you must protect 3. application equipment 4. danger of drift and runoff 5. possible harm to the protected surface 6. whether the formulation is effective against the pest
149
Q

Which pesticide formulation is used most often in homes, backyards, and other small areas?

A

Aerosols

150
Q

Which pesticide formulation can be dangerous can be dangerous if the container is punctured or overheated?

A

Aerosols

151
Q

Why, in most cases, are dust formulations not used outdoors on a large-scale basis?

A

They can drift long distances from the treated area.

152
Q

For what types of pests are poisonous bait formulations used?

A

Ants, roaches, flies, rats, mice, slugs, gophers, and voles.

153
Q

Why are poisonous baits often used in small amounts?

A

Baits are needed only where pests gather.

154
Q

How do granule formulations differ from dust formulations?

A

Almost all particles in a granular formulation are the same size and are larger than the those in a dust.

155
Q

What advantages do granules have over dusts and sprays?

A

Less drift. They are applied with simple equipment that is often multipurpose. They can work their way through dense foliage to a target underneath.

156
Q

Why wouldn’t you choose a granular formulation if you were going to treat a tree or lettuce leaf?

A

They will not stick to the foliage surface.

157
Q

Why would you choose a low-concentrate liquid formulation if you wanted to be sure of getting the right mixture?

A

They are designed to be sprayed as purchased (no mixing needed).

158
Q

Which formulation would you choose if you wanted little visible residue and only moderate agitation?

A

Emulsifiable concentrate

159
Q

Which formulation is more hazardous to the handler than most, because it is absorbed easily by the skin?

A

Emulsifiable concentrate

160
Q

What is the difference between emulsifiable concentrates and flowables?

A

Flowables are modified wettable powders that are suspended in liquid. Emulsifiable concentrates begin as liquids and are formulated to mix with water or oil.

161
Q

Would you choose an EC or a WP if phytotoxicity might be a problem?

A

WP

162
Q

Why should a handler wear a dust mask or respirator when mixing soluble or wettable powders?

A

They can be hazardous to the handler if he or she inhales their concentrated dust while mixing them.

163
Q

Which formulation would you choose if you wanted to penetrate cracks, crevices, soil, burrows, and other unexposed areas?

A

Fumigants

164
Q

Name two drawbacks of fumigants.

A
  1. They must be applied in an enclosed area or incorporated into the soil. 2. They are highly toxic. You must use all recommended protective gear when applying them.
165
Q

When you choose pesticide application equipment for a job, what do you have to think about?

A

Working conditions, pesticide formulation, and where you want to apply the pesticide.

166
Q

Can you use seeders and fertilizer spreaders to apply granules?

A

Yes

167
Q

What type of pesticide equipment might you choose if you wanted to reach pests in hard-to-reach places and then go into the area soon afterwards?

A

Aerosol generators and foggers

168
Q

Would a fogger be a good choice if there is a sensitive area nearby and the wind is blowing softly?

A

No

169
Q

Are hand sprayers only good for using at home? Explain your answer.

A

No. A custom applicator can use a hand-operated sprayer for small jobs that do not require large, powered equipment.

170
Q

What type of sprayer would you probably choose to apply a wettable powder formulation to an oak tree in a backyard? Why?

A

High-pressure sprayer. They use mechanical agitators, which keep wettable powders well mixed in the tank.

171
Q

When cleaning a sprayer, how many times should you put water into the tank and flush it out?

A

A minimum of three times to clean the sprayer the right way.

172
Q

How much higher does the pressure need to be to double the flow rate?

A

You must increase pressure by four to double the flow rate.

173
Q

Name four nozzle materials. Describe how they wear.

A
  1. Brass–wears out easiest
  2. Plastic and nylon–not good for high pressure. Does not corrode easily.
  3. Stainless steel–does not corrode or wear easily
  4. Hardened stainless steel–useful for highly abrasive formulations
  5. Ceramic–resists wear and corrosion the longest
174
Q

Name a pump that has automatic pressure relief.

A

Flexible-impeller pumps

175
Q

What is a big advantage of ground driven pumps?

A

The application rate holds constant as the speed changes.

176
Q

List the three functions of a sprayer nozzle.

A
  1. Meter or adjust the flow of the liquid. 2. Atomize the liquid stream into droplets. 3. Spread droplets in a certain pattern.
177
Q

How do you find out if a nozzle tip is worn?

A

Worn nozzles spray uneven patterns and have higher flow rates than new nozzles. Find out if a spray tip is worn by comparing the flow rate of the used tip to the flow rate of a new one.

178
Q

When is a nozzle tip worn too much to use?

A

If the flow rate of the used tip is 10 percent greater than a new one, replace it.

179
Q

Which nozzle delivers a wide, flat spray pattern made of large droplets?

A

Flooding-fan nozzles

180
Q

When should you clean a sprayer?

A

Clean your sprayer after each days use

181
Q

When you have the right mixture in your spray tank, can you still apply the wrong amount of pesticide?

A

Yes. Application equipment that is not calibrated applies the pesticide at an unknown rate. If equipment is not calibrated, it could be under or over applying the pesticide.

182
Q

What is “delivery rate”?

A

Total amount of pesticide mixture your equipment applies to a given area.

183
Q

If your sprayer is applying less spray to each acre than you want it to, how would you change the rate?

A

Change pump pressure, speed, or nozzles.

184
Q

Must you calibrate granular application equipment each time you change granules? Why?

A

Yes, because each granule flows through the hopper at a different rate.

186
Q

You are using a 10 foot sprayer with six nozzles on 20-inch centers to apply herbicides on a golf course. At the speed you want, the sprayer travels across a 204 foot course in 40 seconds. How do you calculate the applications rate from these facts?

A

Catch the spray from one nozzle in a container for 40 seconds (time it takes to travel speed course). The amount (ounces) of water collected represents the application rate in gallons per acre.

187
Q

You collect a total of 32 ounces of water from one spray nozzle in 30 seconds. What is the nozzle delivery rate in gpm?

A

.5gal/min

Delivery rate =32oz/30sec x 1gal/128oz x 60sec/1min

188
Q

What is the purpose of calibration?

A

Good pest control without damaging crops or the environment. To save money and materials.

189
Q

List three items on your equipment that you need to check before you start to calibrate.

A

Nozzle tips, pump, all connections, screens, filters

190
Q

To reduce the output of a sprayer by half, how would you adjust the speed? By how much?

A

Double the speed.

191
Q

To double the output of a sprayer by half, how much do you need to increase pressure?

A

Four times.

192
Q

What is the best way to make major changes in output? Minor changes?

A

Major changes: change nozzle tips, change speed

Minor changes: change pressure

193
Q

You have a sprayer with a piston pump that runs at 30 psi. There are 20 nozzles on a boom, spaced at 1.5 feet. It takes you .68 minutes to drive 300 feet. Each nozzle delivers .31 gallons in .68 minutes. The tank holds 300 gallons. The field size is 1000 feet long and 523 feet wide.
How many acres are in the field?

A

12 acres
1000ft x 523 ft = 523,000 square ft
43,560 square ft/acre
523,000 sq ft/43,560 sq ft = 12 acres

194
Q

You have a sprayer with a piston pump that runs at 30 psi. There are 20 nozzles on a boom, spaced at 1.5 feet. It takes you .68 minutes to drive 300 feet. Each nozzle delivers .31 gallons in .68 minutes. The tank holds 300 gallons. The field size is 1000 feet long and 523 feet wide.
How many gallons per acre is the sprayer applying?

A

30 gal/acre

195
Q

You have a sprayer with a piston pump that runs at 30 psi. There are 20 nozzles on a boom, spaced at 1.5 feet. It takes you .68 minutes to drive 300 feet. Each nozzle delivers .31 gallons in .68 minutes. The tank holds 300 gallons. The field size is 1000 feet long and 523 feet wide.
How many acres will one full tank spray?

A

10 acres

300 gal tank/30 gal acre = 10 acres per tank

196
Q

Which pesticide formulations must you dilute before you apply them?

A

Concentrated pesticides (wettable powders or emulsifiable concentrates).

197
Q

When is the best time to add the pesticide to the spray tank? why?

A

Add pesticides to the spray tank just before you are ready to apply them. You can estimate the amount of pesticide needed, and you can be sure you are using the correct pesticide.

198
Q

Why is mixing the time when you are most likely to be dangerously exposed to pesticide poisoning?

A

That is when you are handling the concentrated from of the pesticide, and you are more likely to be exposed to liquid splashing on clothing and skin.

199
Q

Through with route(s) of entry are you most likely to be exposed during mixing?

A

Through the skin (dermal) and inhalation.

200
Q

Why are anti siphoning devices important to protect the environment?

A

They keep the spray mixture in the tank from back-siphoning down the hose into the water source (stream, pond, or well).

201
Q

After you empty a pesticide container, why must you rinse it out?

A

It clings to the inside of the container and can be dangerous to people and the environment.

202
Q

How many times should you rinse an empty container?

A

At least 3 times. Until you see no more residue inside.

203
Q

Can you mix all types of pesticides together without any problems?

A

No. Pesticides can be chemically or physically incompatible. If you mix them, they may become impossible to agitate or spray. Or, they might be less effective or more toxic.

204
Q

What does compatibility mean when talking about pesticides?

A

They must be just as safe and potent when mixed as they are by themselves.

205
Q

Where can you find out if two pesticides are compatible?

A

The pesticide label or compatibility chart.

206
Q

What is an adjuvant?

A

An adjuvant is a chemical that, when added to the pesticide mixture, helps an active ingredient do a better job.

207
Q

For what kind of job would you use a spread-sticker?

A

A spread-sticker is used to treat waxy surfaces such as cabbage or onion leaves.

208
Q

Why is it important to measure out the correct amount of adjuvant to add to the spray tank?

A

Too much adjuvant can cause less of the pesticide to stick to the target, and the pest control will be reduced.

209
Q

Should a pesticide applicator wear protective clothing while mixing or loading pesticide? Why?

A

Yes. Mixing and loading concentrates are the most hazardous activities involving pesticides. Wearing protective clothing reduces the risk to the handler.

210
Q

For most pesticide sprays, what is the recommended pH level?

A

4 to 6

211
Q

Describe how to multiple rinse pesticide containers.

A
  1. Empty container into the tank. Let it drain for at least 60 seconds. 2. Fill it one-fifth to one-fourth full of water (or the correct diluent). 3 Close the container and shake or rotate it for about 30 seconds. Turn it upside down so the rinse cleans all the inside surfaces. 4. Drain the rinse water into the tank. Let the container drain for 30 seconds. 5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 at least two more times. Repeat the rinsing process until you can see no more residue in the container.
212
Q

Can weather wise application save you money?

A

Yes. Rain and wind waste pesticide and money.

213
Q

Why should you avoid applying pesticide on windy days?

A

Wind increases drift. Drifting pesticides move out to the treated area.

214
Q

Why are drifting pesticides hazardous?

A

They can contaminate the environment and harm plants, animals, and people.

215
Q

I windy day application more hazardous for the applicator and others nearby?

A

Yes. Application on a windy day increases the inhalation and contact hazard to the applicator and others.

216
Q

If a pesticide drifts onto non target areas and causes harm, who is responsible by law?

A

The applicator is responsible by law for any harm or money loss due to pesticide drift.

217
Q

Why must spray applications dry onto a surface before rain?

A

Pesticide may wash off and fail to control pests on leaves.

218
Q

What harm can pesticide runoff do?

A

Pesticide runoff can harm crops and wild areas and contaminate surface waters.

219
Q

What are two advantages of early morning or evening application?

A

Wind speed is lowest and air has most moisture. Children farm animals, and pets are less likely to be nearby.

220
Q

Which weather factors affect drift?

A

Wind, air temperature, and humidity.

221
Q

When does an inversion occur?

A

When the air near the soil surface is cooler than the air above it.

222
Q

Which safeguards should you use when you transport pesticides in a vehicle?

A
  1. Never carry pesticides where people ride. 2. Never transport pesticides with food, clothes, or anything that comes in contact with people or animals. 3. Never leave your vehicle without someone to watch it when pesticides are in an unlocked trunk or open truck bed. 4. Do not transport highly volatile pesticides with other chemicals.
223
Q

What should you do to protect pesticide containers during transport?

A
  1. Be sure flatbed trucks have side and tail racks. 2.Tie down containers 3. Only carry containers with undamaged labels that you can read. 4. Inspect containers to make sure they are sealed and that no pesticides are on the outside. 5. Handle carefully. 6. Protect paper and cardboard containers from moisture. 7. Protect pesticides from extreme temperatures.
224
Q

List 4 things you should do to make a safe storage site.

A

Use fireproof building materials; build berms; keep people out who should not be there; put up a fence; prevent water damage; control temperature; have enough light; use nonporous materials; prevent runoff; provide clean water

225
Q

List 4 things you can do to keep the storage site safe.

A

Prevent contamination; protect labels; keep containers closed; use original containers; watch for damage; store containers the right way; store volatile products apart from others; store waste products safely; know your inventory; keep product shelf life in mind; prevent fires

226
Q

When a pesticide container is damaged, what can you do?

A
  1. Put on PPE 2. Use the pesticide the right way on a site and at a rate allowed by the labeling. 3. Put the pesticide into a pesticide container that held the same pesticide and has the same label still in tact. 4. Put the pesticide in a sturdy container that you can close tightly. take the label from the old container and attach it to the outside of the new container. Or, mark the container with the pesticide name and EPA registration number. Get a copy of the label as soon as you can. 5. Place the entire damaged container and its contents into a larger container that is right for storing it.
227
Q

If you have excess pesticides that you still can use, how can you use them?

A

Apply them to a site listed on the labeling, if: 1. The total amount of pesticide active ingredient that you apply to the site is not more than the rate and frequency allowed on the label. This includes all the applications you have made already. 2. You comply with other application instructions listed on the label.

228
Q

If you have pesticide wastes (other than empty containers), what can you do with them?

A

Dispose of in a hazardous waste landfill, or store safely until you can use them in a legal application or dispose of them the correct way.

229
Q

List 3 ways to dispose of empty pesticide containers other than as waste.

A

Use refilled or reconditioned containers that you can return for reuse; recycle multiple-rinsed plastic and metal containers; send multiple rinsed containers to the landfill.

230
Q

Why do you need to store volatile herbicides in a special place apart from other pesticides?

A

They can vaporize and spread into seeds, fertilizers, and other types of pesticides.

231
Q

Why is it important to take the time to dispose of surplus pesticides and empty containers correctly?

A

They can cause serious harm to humans and the environment. A buildup of pesticide waste allows chemicals to accumulate in the soil; from the soil, the chemicals might leach into groundwater.

232
Q

What problems can result if you buy more pesticides than you can use?

A

There is a limit to how long some pesticides can be stored (called limited shelf life), especially once the container is opened. If you buy the risk that it will become less effective over time. You also increase the risk that the container will deteriorate and result in the leaks or spills.

233
Q

What are the proper ways to dispose of surplus concentrated pesticides that are still in their original containers?

A

If the container has never been opened, try to return it to a dealer, manufacturer, or formulator.

234
Q

If you have rinsed out a container, can you toss it away or give it to children to play with?

A

No

235
Q

What should you do with the rinse water if you can’t add it to the tank mix?

A

Save it to apply later on sites that have the same pest control problem. You may be able to spray it on a fence-row or other site where people or animals will not enter.

236
Q

What should you do to prepare empty metal, glass, or plastic containers for disposal or recycling?

A

Multiple rinse the container.

237
Q

Name the ways to prevent pesticide waste surplus.

A
  1. Buy only the amount of pesticide you need for 1 year or season. 2. calculate carefully how much diluted pesticide you need for a job and only mix that amount. 3. Use all the mixed pesticide as the labeling instructs.
238
Q

Which groups in Oregon have a program for recycling metal and plastic containers?

A

Oregon Agricultural Chemicals and Fertilizer Association, and Oregon Farm Bureau Federation.

239
Q

What agency in Oregon is most responsible for pesticide disposal?

A

Oregon Department of Environmental Quality.

240
Q

What do the three C’s of spill management stand for?

A

Control, Contain, Clean up

241
Q

What should you do to control a spill?

A

Protect yourself, stop the source of the spill, protect others, and stay at the site

242
Q

How should you contain a spill?

A

Confine the spilled material, protect water sources, absorb liquids, and cover dry materials

243
Q

What should clean-up include?

A

Pick up the spilled material; decontaminate the spill site; neutralize the spill site; decontaminate equipment; decontaminate yourself

244
Q

Who can you call when you need help to manage a spill?

A

OERS (Oregon Emergency Response System); Chemtrec; emergency telephone numbers on the pesticide labeling; police department or county sheriff; fire department; public health department.

245
Q

When should you have a spill kit at hand and ready?

A

Every time you handle a pesticide or pesticide container

246
Q

After controlling and containing a pesticide spill, describe how you would clean up.

A
  • If the pesticide has been spilled on a person, he or she should wash it off, then change into dry clothes. The person might need to see a doctor.
  • Clean the storage area with the help of a crew wearing the proper PPE.
  • If liquid has been spilled, throw an absorbent material (like cat litter) over it to soak up as much as possible. Collect this contaminated material in plastic bags and place in a large drum.
  • If dry material has been spilled, cover it with absorbent material, then sweep it without raising dust. Place the spilled pesticide in plastic bags or a drum.
  • Neutralize the pesticide with bleach and hydrated lime.
  • Rinse the entire area with water. Dispose of the rinse water as excess pesticide or hazardous waste.
247
Q

Do materials that absorb a spill need to be treated as pesticide waste?

A

Yes. These materials contain pesticides. Dispose of them as excess pesticide or hazardous waste

248
Q

What agency or group must you call as soon as you can about spills occurring in Oregon?

A

Oregon Emergency Response System (OERS)

249
Q

What information does the state law require pesticide operators to record?

A
  1. the name of the person for whom you applied the pesticide. 2. Where the land or property is on which you made the application. 3. The date and time of the application. Record both the time you begin and end. 4. The person who supplied the pesticide(s). 5. The trade name and the strength of these pesticides. 6. The amount you applied. Use pounds, ounces, or gallons of actual product per acre or concentration (pounds or ounces produce per gallon) and total gallons applied. 7. The exact property, crop, or crops to which you applied the pesticide. 8. A report of the equipment, device, or apparatus you used (such as a backpack, boom, or airblast sprayer). If you applied pesticide by aircraft. list the F.A.A. number. 9. the names of the pesticide applicators or pesticide trainees who did the actual application or spraying.
250
Q

Who must keep pesticide application records?

A

-commercial pesticide operators
-Independent commercial applicators
Public pesticide applicators
Pravate pesticide applicators, when they use restricted-use pesticides.

251
Q

How long must you keep pesticide application records?

A

two years of private pesticide applicators; 3 years for commercial and independent commercial applicators

252
Q

Why should you keep pesticide application records?

A

Records can be proof of property use. They can help to find the cause of an error, if one has been made. They can provide information to help trace residue and/or damage problems. They can protect you in case of false damage claims. they can save you money. They can improve your pest control practices. You can compare the results you got from different pesticides from year to year. You can predict how much pesticide you will need for the next season.

253
Q

What information does state law require pesticide dealers to record?

A

State Law requires pesticide dealers to record these things:

  1. Name, address, and license number of the pesticide buyers
  2. Date of sale
  3. Trade name (and formulation, if there is one) of the pesticides
  4. Quantity of each sale of the pesticide
254
Q

If you apply a pesticide and the wind carries it off target, are you liable even though you tried to be careful?

A

Yes. The applicator and the customer are responsible.

255
Q

If the site to which you applied a pesticide is harmed even though you followed the directions and dosages on the label, who could be liable?

A

The dealer, manufacturer, and applicator. A consultant who gives wrong advice also is liable

256
Q

Is the application of pesticides an ultra-hazardous activity by law?

A

Yes. It is an ultra-hazardous activity in legal terms

257
Q

Can you be sued for applying pesticides to the wrong target area even though there is no damage?

A

Yes. It is the applicator’s responsibility to apply the pesticide to the proper target area.

258
Q

What is the legal standing of bees killed while they are “visiting” in a spraying field?

A

The courts say the bees are trespassing, so the applicator is not liable. But, if the label says you must protect bees, then you could be liable,

259
Q

From a legal standpoint, why should you never leave pesticide equipment or empty pesticide containers where children could be attracted to them?

A

The owner or applicator or both are held liable if children harm themselves. This is called attractive nuisance

260
Q

If someone accuses you of pesticide misuse, what steps should you take to protect yourself?

A

Some steps to protect yourself are:

  • Check your records
  • Make notes of the scene
  • Record conditions at the scene
  • Take color photos
  • Save the pesticide containers you used for the job
  • Tell your insurance company and the chemical company right away
  • Get names and addresses of all witnesses
  • If the site is perennial, look at USDA aerial photos from before the alleged harm
261
Q

List at least 3 practices that are important for a good public image.

A

Always be polite, listen to the question, be prepared, have an answer, take notes, be prompt, keep good records.

262
Q

Who can advise you best on your insurance needs?

A

An insurance agent who works with pesticide insurance

Oregon Department of Agriculture (4 decks)

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