Oregon Intro to Insect and Disease Management Flashcards
Which characteristics do insects have that other arthropods (insect relatives) do not have?
3 body regions, 3 pairs of legs on the THORAX, 1 pair of antennae
Which of the following insect stages is generally the most damaging?
Larva
Which of the following features do all arthropods share?
Segmentation
Systemic insecticides:
are insecticides that are particularly effective against sucking pests, including neonicotinoids
Insecticide resistance most often occurs:
Using the same product multiple times in a single season and in insect species with multiple generations rather than a single generation per year.
How do parasites differ from predators?
Parasites are usually smaller than their prey
What are cutworms?
Moth larvae
How are spiders and mites different from insects?
4 pairs of legs, 2 body regions (Cephalothorax and Abdomen)
Biological control is:
Using natural predators, parasites or pathogens to control a pest. This form management that can become self-sustaining.
Which of the following insects have sucking mouthparts? Aphids, termites, beetles, bees
aphids
Which of the following have chewing mouth parts? Adult moths, leafhoppers, ear wigs or mites?
earwigs
Which of the following insecticide classes are generally the most persistent?
chlorinated hydrocarbons
Which of the following insecticide types are most likely to kill exposed insect eggs and overwintering insects?
Spray oils
True or False: Beetles undergo complex (complete) metamorphosis.
True
Light trap/electrocution grids are a form of what kind of control?
Mechanical control
An adjuvant is:
a spreader, sticker or other application enhancer.
Of all types of pesticides, neonicotinoids are the most hazardous (micorencapsulated). Aside from that, which formulations is most hazardous to bees?
Dusts (Malathion)
True or False: Insects are the only animals with wings.
False (that was a ridiculous question)
True or False: Botanical insecticides are not toxic to humans.
False; nicotine is highly toxic
Insects that undergo complex metamorphosis go through egg, nymph, and adult stages.
False
Primarily, how do bacteria enter plants?
Through wounds and stomates and growth cracks. Water, especially rain, is particularly important in the spread of bacterial disease
A plant disease is:
A condition in which a plant varies in appearance or function compared to a healthy plant.
Sanitation methods for disease control include:
Pruning out infected twigs and destroying diseased plant material.
Virus diseases are transmitted by?
Submicroscopic particles from insects, nematodes or vegetative plant growth
Of the four major groups of plant pathogens, ___ have the most number of species.
Fungi
Usually when should fungicides be applied to control a disease?
When the plant needs to be protected from infection.
Synthetic organic fungicides include:
Metalaxyl
Leaf spots that are generally round, uniformly distributed over the leaf, and have a sharp margin between healthy and affected tissue are typical of:
chemical spray injury spots.
Which cultural methods are part of an IPM approach for foliar fungal diseases?
Increase plant spacing to increase air circulation.
Which two environmental factors strongly influence fungal disease development?
Temperature and moisture
Disease control principles includes:
Genetic resistance, exclusion, and eradication
During which stage of the disease cycle is a chemical application usually the most effective?
Inoculation or prevention
Disease develops when:
A susceptible host plant, favorable environment, and a pathogen are present.
For which of the following would antibiotics be a chemical management option?
Bacteria
How do viruses spread?
Through vegetative propagation
The principle factors that limit development of pest populations are
- Unfavorable weather conditions and 2. Natural enemies
How does weather affect insect growth?
If it is below the temperature threshold then the pests don’t develop very quickly and if the temperature is too high then the pests won’t develop either. Too much moisture also stunts pest growth. An early spring can cause pest levels to increase were a spring freeze can severely reduce numbers. Hard, cold winters may devastate overwintering pests.
What is a parasite?
An organism that get all or most of it’s food from another organism. Often smaller than the host, which they feed on from the outside or inside for an extended period of time.
whats a predator?
Attack and devour many prey organisms over their lifetime; predators are usually larger than their prey.
What is a parasitoid?
An insect that feeds on other insects and is smaller or about the same size as its host. A single parasitoid usually kills a single host. Parasitoids often are host specific. The Parasitoid wasps lays it eggs inside other arthropods
What is a plant disease in broad terms?
Any condition in which a plant varies in some way from a healthy plant in either structure or function
What is an Abiotic cause for a disease?
Abiotic means non-living. This means any kind of physical or chemical component of the environment harmful to plant growth or development. sometimes also referred to as nonparasitic or nonpathogenic.
What is a Biotic cause for a disease?
Biotic means living. these are also called Pathogens. Any living organism capable of causing disease in a particular host species or range of host species. Most pathogens are parasitic.
Describe Fungi?
a biotic or living pathogen. Fungi do not have leaves and need a host to draw nutrients making them a parasite. They are also the largest and perhaps most familiar pathogen. However, most plant-pathogen fungi are extremely small and, except where extensive growth occurs on the surface of the plant, cannot be seen without a lens or microscope.
Describe bacteria?
Another of the 4 biotic causes of disease. microscopic single-celled organisms that reproduce through single cell division. they cause soft rots, leaf spots, wilts and blights among other things
Describe viruses
another of the 4 biotic causes of disease. Viruses are submicroscopic which means they can only be seen with an electron microscope. they are composed of nucleic acids protected by a protein coat. Viruses only multiply in the living cells of their host.
How are vectors related to plants disease?
Viruses/Bacteria/Fungus (pathogens) can be introduced to a plant by vectors, organisms such as insects that spread disease through feeding.
Why are viruses so bad?
Viruses tend to be systemic and tend to be a significant problem in vegetatively propagated plants such as most nursery stock and seed.
What is a nematode?
Another of the 4 biotic causes of disease in plants. Nematodes are small, slender, colorless roundworms. they can only be viewed by a microscope because they are so small but their closest relative is the earthworm. STYLET is unique to nemotodes.
How do Nematodes feed?
They all posses a STYLET - a spear-like structure in the head that allows them to puncture plant cells and feed on the contents. In the process of feeding, nematodes inject toxic materials into plants that dissolve plant cells and causes symptoms to appear.
What is complete/complex metamorphosis?
4 stages: egg-larvae-pupa-adult. The larvae look nothing like the adult and the pupa stage often involves a pupal case called a cocoon.
What is simple/gradual metamorphosis?
3 stages: egg-nymph-adult. the nymph look very similar to the adult, but doesn’t have wings and cannot reproduce. the nymphs grow through molting and each molt is called an instar.
What type of metamorphosis do mosquitos undergo?
Complete
What kind of metamorphosis do lady beetle (ladybug) undergo?
Its a beetle so complex metamorphosis
What is the adolescent stage of a ladybug
Larvae. Since the lady bug undergo complex metamorphosis its adolescent stage is larvae
Describe the adolescent stage of a fly and what is called?
Larvae. The adolescent stage is larvae since the fly undergoes complex metamorphosis. this particular larvae is a maggot called a “crane fly” and is very destructive as it chews on roots, stems and fruit.
Both the wings and legs of an insect are always located on this same body segment of an insect. Which body segment is it?
The thorax (the middle segment). Legs and wings cannot be found on any other body segment of an insect, ever. See page 8. This will be a picture on the test.
The antennae of an insect are located on which body segment?
the head. see page 8. This will be a picture on the test.
Ants go through which form of metamorphosis?
complex
The legs of an Arachnid are located on which body segment?
Always on the “cephalothorax” and never on the abdomen. Arachnids only have 2 body segments a cephalothorax and an abdomen.
What kind of damage do aphids cause?
Loss of plant vigor, stunted and deformed buds and flowers, or curled and puckered foliage. Aphids and psyllid produce HONEYDEW (a material consisting primarily of undigested plant sugars) which attracts ants and provides a substrate for sooty molds and other fungal problems. Aphids also transmit some viral, bacterial and other plant disease agents.
What is the adolescent stage of an aphid?
Nymph. Aphids undergo simple metamorphosis so the adolescent stage is nymph.
A white powdery mildew on the leafs of a plant is characteristic of what kind of disease?
A fungus and it occurs on leaves, stems, flowers and fruits.
Describe normal vs. abnormal pine needle drop?
When conifer trees grow their needles will naturally fall off and the tips of the branches will produce new ones. If you look at a healthy branch, the tips should have full thick needles and the part of the branch closest to the trunk should have the needles falling off. ABNORMAL needle drop is when the end or tip of the branch is having thinning of the needles and the middle is thick. see page 30 for a picture. this is a picture on the test
How can you tell if a pear is fireblight-infected or if a potato is soft rotted?
It has BACTERIAL OOZE
What does the lawn disease Red Thread look like?
Dead spots with reddish threadlike fungal structures on the grass plants. This will show up as a picture on the test
List the common examples of Organophosphates
Azinphos-methyl, Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, Dimethoate.
What are the 8 different kinds of IPM (integrated pest management)?
- Resistant Varieties (planting crops that are genetically resistant to disease or pest damage). 2. Crop Rotation-(this minimizes the pests in a given area that feed on a particular plant). 3. Cultural control methods- things you can do with the physical elements of planting to reduce pests like planting time, fertilizing the soil.) 4. Mechanical Control- things like traps/barriers/zappers. 5. Regulatory Control- obeying the laws to labels to keep pests down. 6. Biological Control-introducing natural living enemies to pests in order to control other ones. 7. Sanitation- Keeping things clean. 8. Chemical Control- using pesticides.
What type of metamorphosis do Scales and Mealybugs go through?
Simple metamorphosis
How are systemic pesticides translocated through a plants?
Applied to the dirt and it’s absorbed through the roots into the rest of the plant
Which type of pesticide is most dangerous for bees?
Neonicotinoids
What is Economic Threshold?
The population density of a pest at which control measures should be instituted to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching economic injury level
What is plant Quarantine?
Control of the import and export of plants and animals to prevent the spread of pest species. (Regulatory. control)
What type of mouthpart do Aphids & Psyllids have?
Piercing-Sucking
What type of mouthparts do Beetles have?
Chewing
What type of mouthparts does a Oysterscale have?
Piercing-sucking
What is an Organic Pesticide?
A pesticide that contains carbon. Most Organic Pesticides are synthetic derived from plants.
What is an Inorganic Pesticide?
Pesticides of mineral/metallic origin. They do not contain carbon. (Sulfur, Copper Sulfate and Bordeaux mixture)
What is Mildew?
A fungal disease in which the mycelium and spores of a fungus can be seen as a growth on a plant service.
What is Necrosis?
Death of plant cells or entire portions of a plant, usually resulting in darkening of the affected areas
What are the four parts of a Nozzle?
body, strainer, cap, tip
What is the best solution for groundwater contamination?
Prevention
There is a math question about nozzles every 18 Inches on a 24 ft boom sprayer with nozzles on each end. How many nozzles are there?
17
How do you identify bacteria on leaves?
Angular in shape because they are limited in size by small leaf veins
How do you identify fungal leaf spots?
Generally round, they occasionally appear elongated on stems
What type of mouthparts do Thrips have?
Rasping-Sucking
They will show you a picture of a moth and a caterpillar looking thing and ask what it’s a picture of.
It’s a Sod Webworm (Look it up on Google so you know what it looks like)
What type of mouthparts do Tussocks moths have?
Juveniles have chewing
Adults have syphoning
What type of mouthpart does an Elm Lead Beetle have?
Chewing
What is an Obligate Parasite?
Will die without a host. its an organism that only gets its food from another living organism.
Can you spray the outside of the home for spiders with an Ornamental & Turf License if the label permits?
No
What causes WILT to a plant?
Lack of water
What is not a reason for the use of Pheromone Traps.
Quick knock down
When the math question ask for the speed of the big boom sprayer, what’s the MPH?
3.4mph
The test will show you an overlay of a lawn, house, and deck and ask what is the square footage of the lawn.
8732 sqft
Is Kung-Fu fungicide preventive or curative ?
Both.
What condition is not a factor in the spread of plant viruses?
Water spray
Key words to associate with fungus:
Hyphae, Mycelia/Mycelium
Which pest is responsible for Grey Sooty Mold?
Aphids
Which pathogen is associated with ooze?
Bacteria
What is Bordeaux mixture?
an inorganic pesticide made of: copper sulfate, lime and water
What is the common name on a label?
The active ingredient listed on the label. Example: Lambda-cyhalothin for Demand CS or Fipronil for Temridor.
A snap trap is an example of what kind of control?
Mechanical
How do you apply product to protect bees?
Mow down boarding areas and ditches.
What is the Economic Injury Level?
Amount of pest injury which will justify the cost of control. The lowest population density of a pest that will cause economic damage.
A math question asks involving an 80 acre field with a tank sprayer will ask for the gallon/minute of the nozzles. the answer is
0.41 gallons per minute.
You have a lawn that is 4,125 sq feet but your product comes in packs that make 8,250 sq ft (exactly double). How do you mix the product
You find another lawn of about 4,125 sq ft and treat both lawns.
