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Sensory > Orbit and Meninges > Flashcards

Orbit and Meninges Flashcards

1
Q

Borders of the orbital cavity

A

Base: Frontal, maxilla, zygomatic process, zygomatic bone
Roof: Frontal and sphenoid bones
Medial: Lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxilla
Floor: Maxilla, zygomatic and palatine bones
Lateral: Zygomatic and sphenoid bones

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2
Q

Average thickness of the skull

A

4.4 mm (4 x thicker than the thinnest part)

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3
Q

Layers of the eyelid from superficial to deep

A 
Skin
Subcutaneous tissue
Obicularis oculi
Orbital septum
Conjuntiva
Tarsus
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4
Q

Muscle responsible for eyelid opening

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

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5
Q

Muscle connecting levator palpebrae and tarsus

A

Superior tarsal muscle

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6
Q

Tarsus gland

A

Modified gland that secretes oily substances

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7
Q

Orbital septum

A

Continuation of the periosteal layer

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8
Q

Muscle responsible for eyelid closing

A

Obicularis oculi

Has an orbital part and a palpebrae part

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9
Q

Innervation of the eyelids

A 
Ophthalmic nerve (sensory)
Maxillary nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Facial nerve
Sympathetic fibres
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10
Q

Blood supply of the eyelids

A

Ophthalmic artery
Facial artery
Superior temporal artery

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11
Q

Raccoon eyes

A

Haemorrhage of the eyes due to pooling of the blood in the potential space between the skin and the subcutaneous tissue

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12
Q

Obicularis oculi innervation

A

Frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve

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13
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris innervation

A

Oculomotor nerve

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14
Q

Superior tarsal innervation

A

Postganglionic sympathetic fibres

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15
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

Damage to sympathetic ganglion resulting in ptosis, miosis and anhydrosis

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16
Q

Common tendinous ring

A

Thickening of the periosteum in the posterior part of the orbit around the optic canal and the central part of the superior orbital fissure

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17
Q

Structures that pass through the common tendinous ring

A

Oculomotor nerve
Nasociliary nerve (branch of ophthalmic nerve)
Abducens nerve
Optic nerve
Also the common origin of the extraocular muscles

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18
Q

Attachment of the superior rectus

A

Superior and anterior sclera

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19
Q

Attachment of the inferior rectus

A

Inferior and anterior sclera

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20
Q

Attachment of the lateral rectus

A

Anterolateral sclera

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21
Q

Attachment of the medial rectus

A

Anteromedial sclera

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22
Q

Structures that pass through the optic canal

A

Optic nerve

Ophthalmic artery

23
Q

Structures that pass through the superior orbital fissure

A 
Superior ophthalmic vein
Ophthalmic nerve
Mandibular nerve
Trochlear nerve
Abducens nerve
24
Q

Structures that pass through the inferior orbital fissure

A 
Inferior ophthalmic vein (if not through the superior orbital fissure)
Infra-orbital vein
Infra-orbital artery
Maxillary nerve
Sphenopalatine ganglion
25
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris attachment

A

Superior tarsal plate and skin of upper eyelid

26
Q

Facial vein drainage

A

Drains into the internal jugular vein

27
Q

Dacryocystocoele

A

Nasolacrimal duct doesn’t open, visible when baby cries

28
Q

Layers of the eyeball

A

Fibrous tunic: cornea and sclera
Vascular tunic: iris, ciliary body and choroid
Nervous tunic: retina

29
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A 
Responsible for production of tears and drainage
Lacrimal gland
Canaliculi
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
30
Q

Shapes of haemorrhages on CTs

A

Extradural: lemon
Subdural: banana
Subarachnoid: grapes

31
Q

Danger triangle of the face

A 
Commissures of the mouth to the nasion
Ophthalmic vein (which has valves) communicates directly with the facial vein and the cavernous sinus, providing a direction of blood flow conducive to infection spread
32
Q

Branches of the ophthalmic nerve

A

Lacrimal
Frontal
Nasociliary

33
Q

Three layers of membranes that surround the brain

A

Dura mater (outer periosteal layer and inner meningeal layer)
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

34
Q

Innervation of the meninges

A

Trigeminal nerve

35
Q

Periosteal layer

A

Seals the skull from the inside and outside

Continuous with the orbital septum

36
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Thin, avascular membrane that lines the inner surface of the dura mater
Does not enter the grooves or fissures of the brain, but does send out trabeculae, forming subarachnoid spaces which contain cerebral arteries and veins

37
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Partition above the cerebellum

38
Q

Diaphragma sellae

A

Membrane that covers the pituitary gland

39
Q

Falx cerebri

A

A large, crescent-shaped fold of meningeal layer of dura mater that descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres

40
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

A small sickle-shaped fold of meningeal layer of dura mater that separates the cerebella hemispheres

41
Q

Dura mater innervation

A

Trigeminal nerve
Vagus nerve
Cervical nerves 1, 2 and 3

42
Q

Dura mater blood supply

A

Many arteries including the middle meningeal artery

43
Q

Venous drainage of the brain

A

Networks of small venous channels combine to give rise to larger cerebral veins which drain into dural venous sinuses and eventually to the internal jugular veins. Diploic veins and emissary veins also drain into the dural venous sinuses.

44
Q

Diploic veins

A

Run between the internal and external tables of compact bone

45
Q

Emissary veins

A

Run between the outside of the cranial cavity and the dural venous sinuses
Penetrate the periosteal layer and provide opportunity for bacteria to get in from outside skull, therefore clinically important

46
Q

Where does a subdural haemorrhage occur?

A

Within meningeal layers, not between the dura and arachnoid layers
Caused by tearing of meningeal layer and therefore the cerebral veins too

47
Q

Which nerve runs with the internal carotid artery?

A

The abducens nerve

48
Q

9 dural venous sinuses

A 
Sigmoid sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Superior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Right transverse sinus
Great cerebral vein
Superior petrosal sinus
Cavernous sinus
49
Q

Clinical importance of cavernous sinus

A

Communicates with the orbital cavity via the ophthalmic vein, meaning there is a potential for sinus infection via periorbital cellulitis leading to cavernous sinus thrombosis

50
Q

6 paired structures that run in the cavernous sinus or within its lateral wall

A 
Oculomotor nerve
Internal carotid artery
Trochlear nerve
Abducens nerve
Ophthalmic nerve
Maxillary nerve
51
Q

4 dual partitions formed by the dura mater

A

Falx cerebri
Falx cerebelli
Tentorium cerebelli
Diaphragma sellae

52
Q

Extradural haemorrhage

A

Blood collects between the calvarium and the periosteal layer
Classically from a tear in the middle meningeal artery in the temporoparietal region

53
Q

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

A bleed into the subarachnoid space

Usually arterial bleeding from a ruptured cerebral artery aneurysm from the circle of Willis

Sensory (9 decks)

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