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Anatomy Exam 2 > Orbit > Flashcards

Orbit Flashcards

1
Q

Where do lower motor neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord terminate?

A

on muscles

-so even the cells terminating on the eye muscles are lower motor neurons

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2
Q

Retinal gangilion cells of the retina project to the ____, ____, ____ via the optic nerves and tracts

A
  • SCN
  • SC
  • LGN
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3
Q

The LGN of the thalamus projects to the _________ via the optic radiations

A
  • primary visual cortext (VI)
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4
Q

VI (Striate cortex) is found in the _____ lobe along the banks of ______

A
  • VI striate cortex is found in the occipital lobe along the banks of the calcarine fissure
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5
Q

Light enters the eye and via the pupil and is focused on the retina via the _____

A

Lens

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6
Q

The initial processing of information occurs in the _____

A

Retina

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7
Q

What part of the eye contains the highest concentration of cones and is where the finest visual discrimination occurs

A

The fovea within the macula

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8
Q

Where do the axons of the ganglion cell exit the retina

A

Optic disc

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9
Q

What are the cells that give rise to the optic nerve?

A

retinal ganglion cells

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10
Q

The axons of the ganglion cells leave the retina at the _____

A

Optic disc

  • no photoreceptors here, so this is a blind spot
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11
Q

Label these layers of this retina

A
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12
Q

Why is there pigemented epithelium in the retina?

A
  • think of photons as particles
  • you do not want these particles bouncing around so you want them to be absorbed by something incase they miss a photoreceptor cell
  • you will have very blurry vision if you didnt have this
  • albinos do not have pigemented epithelium
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13
Q

Where are the horizontal cells, bipolar cells and amcrine cells located?

A

in the INL

inner nuclear layer

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14
Q

Where are the cell bodies of rods and cones located?

A

ONL

Outer nuclear layer

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15
Q

Where are the cell bodies of ganglion cells?

A

GCL

Ganglion cell layer

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16
Q

Where is the outer segment located in the retina?

Where is the nucleus located?

Where is the synaptic body located?

A

Outer segment: PL photoreceptor layer

nucleus: ONL outer nuclear layer

Synaptic body: OPL outer plexiform layer

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17
Q

How many different types of rods and cones are there?

A

one type of rod

3 types of cones

each has a distinctive response to different wave lengths

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18
Q

If you have lesion of the optic nerve after the chiasm (in the optic tract) will you have loss of a visual field?

A

Yes the contralateral side

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19
Q

Which ganglion cell axons cross at the optic chiasm?

from the nasal or from the temporal?

A
  • ganglion cell axons originating from the nasal retina cross at the optic chiasm to the contralateral side
  • ganglion cell axons from the temporal retina do not cross at the optic chiasm and remain ipsilateral
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20
Q

The axons originating from the retinal ganglion cells which terminate in the superior colliculus form the ______

A
  • the axons originating from the retinal ganglion cells which terminate in the superior colliculus form the brachium of the superior colliculus in close proximity to the superior colliculus
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21
Q

Where do the retinal ganglion cells project to?

A
  1. Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hyothalamus (circadian pacemaker
  2. Pretectal nuclei (eye movements)
  3. Superior colliculus (visual reflex)
  4. Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
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22
Q

The superior colliculus (of the midbrain) receives direct retinal input via the ________

A

Brachium of the superior colliculus

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23
Q

The superior colliculus receives input from:

A
  1. brachium of the superior colliculus
  2. visual cerebral cortex
  3. pretectal nuclei
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24
Q

the superior colliculus is involved in:

A

visual reflexes

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25
Q

the superior colliculus projects to the spinal cord via the

A

tectospinal tract

26
Q

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is located in the ____

A

Thalamus of the diencephalon

27
Q

The LGN receives direct retinal input via the

A

Optic tract

28
Q

The LGN projects to the _____ via the _____

A

Primary visual cortex (area 17) via the optic radiations

29
Q

With these lesions what is your deficit?

A
30
Q

A protective, thin, transparent mucous membrane that has two parts:

A

Conjuntvia:

  • palpebral
  • bulbar (ocular)
31
Q

Which layer of the conjunctiva lines the innermost part of the eyelids?

A
  • palpebral conjunctiva
32
Q

Which layer of the conjunctiva lines the outermost part of the eyeball?

A

Bulbar (ocular) conjunctiva

33
Q

Inflammation of the conjunctiva is commonly called

A

Pink eye

34
Q

Explain the corneal reflex

A
  1. Afferent: nasociliary branch of the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1) sensing the stimulus on the cornea
  2. Efferent: facial nerve (zygomatic branch) initiating the motor response of the orbicularis oculi
35
Q

Name this layer of the eye:

  • dark reddish brown membrane between the sclera and the retina
  • largest part of the vascular layer-all arteries feeding choroid are branches from opthalmic artery
  • lines majority of the sclera
  • “red eye” in pictures
A

Chorioid

  • choriocapillaries nourish the outermost (cones and rods) layer of retina
36
Q

What is the circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscles and processes

  • vascular layer
A

Ciliary body

37
Q

What secretes aqueous humor which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye

  • nourishes lens and cornea because they are avascular
A

Ciliary processes

38
Q

What is the space between cornea and the iris/pupil?

A
  • anterior chamber
39
Q

What is the space between the iris/pupil and the lens and ciliary body?

A

Posterior chamber

40
Q

Explain the flow of aqueous humor:

A
  • goes to posterior then anterior chamber
  • then drains in vein of sclera
41
Q

Blockage of schlemm’s canal (sclera venous sinus) can lead to increased pressure and ____?

A

Glaucoma

42
Q

What is the adjustment in the len’s shape to focus at various distances

  • under PARAsympathetic control
  • contaction = release of tension = spherical lens = close vision
A

Accomodation

43
Q

What is this vascular layer of the eye?

  • colored circular muscle
  • a central aperature-the pupil- for transmitting light
A

Iris vascular layer

44
Q

What muscle:

  • parasympathetic via ciliary ganglion
  • closes the pupil
    • “constriction”
A

Sphincter pupillae muscle

45
Q

What muscle:

  • sympathetic via superior cervical ganglion
  • opens the pupil
A

DIlator pupillae muscle

46
Q

Discuss eyeball movements

A
47
Q

Discuss agonists, synergists, and antagonists

A
48
Q

How is testing eye muscles individually with the H test different from their actions in a straight ahead gaze?

A
  • muscles rarely act independently and almost always work together in syngergist and antagoist groups
  • thus, clinical testing requires maneuvers to isolate muscle actions
  • only the actions of the medial and lateral rectus are tested, starting from the primary postion
    • the others must be tested either from an abducted or adducted postion
  • When the eye is aBducted by the lateral rectus, only the rectus muscles can produce elevation and depression
  • When the eye is aDducted by the medial rectus, only the oblique muscles can produce elevation and depression
49
Q

Which nerve of the eye has parasympathetic fibers?

A

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

50
Q

Explain oculomotor nerve palsy

A
51
Q

What muscle is innervated by trochlear nerve (CN IV)?

A

Superior Oblique

52
Q

What muscle is innervated by abducent nerve (CN VI)?

A

Lateral Rectus m

53
Q

Describe abducent nerve palsy

A

Lateral rectus is gone so medial rectus is pulling with no opposition

  • but in B we were able to move it out of abduction
    • Sherings Law
      • we inhibit antagonist because brain is still trying to get the eye to move to abduction
      • so the brain inhibits medial rectus for us and we can move the eye to the middle but still cant abduct
54
Q

Describe the fibers running through the ciliary ganglion

A

Pass through ganglion without synapsing

55
Q

Describe Horner’s sydrome

A
  • Results from interruption of a cervical sympathetic trunk and is manifest by the absence of sympathetically stimulated functions of the ipsilateral side of the head
  1. Constriction of pupil (miosis)-because dialators are knocked out
  2. Drooping of superior eyelid (ptosis)-tone is gone
  3. Sunken in eye (enopthalmos)
  4. redness and increased temperature of skin (vasodialation)
  5. absense of sweating (anhydrosis)
56
Q

What are the two arteries that supply extraocular muscles and what specifically do they supply?

A

Opthalmic artery:

  • branch of internal carotid
  • the opthalmic artery supplies most of the extraocular structures

Infraorbital artery:

  • branch of external carotid artery
  • the infraorbital artery supplies the lower portion (floor) of the orbit
57
Q

Where do the presynaptic fibers of of sympathetic synapse?

A
  • Superior cervical ganglion
  • some fibers run with opthalmic all the way to the bulb via long ciliary
  • other run through ciliary ganglion and pass to bulb via short ciliary nerves
58
Q

Where do the presynaptic fibers of parasympathetic synapse with postsynaptic nucleus?

A
  • Ciliary ganglion
59
Q

What does contraction of the ciliary muscles do?

A
  • Causes the circular ciliary body to decrease in diameter
    • like a sphincter, the lens relaxes, rounding up or thickening (near vision)
    • accommodation
  • if you relax the ciliary body this increases its diameter
    • thus the lens suspended in its center is stretched and become thinner (far vision)
60
Q

What nerve does the corneal reflex?

  • touching cornea with wisp of cotton envokes blink
A

Opthalmic nerve V1

Anatomy Exam 2 (18 decks)

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