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infection and immunity > oral microflora > Flashcards

oral microflora Flashcards

1
Q

What are the terms used to refer to oral microorganisms?

A

Oral microflora, oral microbiota, and oral microbiome.

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2
Q

What are the microbial habitats in the oral cavity?

A

Teeth
-gingival sulci
-attached gingiva
-lips
-tongue
-cheeks
-hard and soft palate.

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3
Q

What are normal flora also called?

A

Commensals

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4
Q

What do normal flora do in relation to human health?

A

reside on the body or mucosa without harming human health.

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5
Q

How do normal flora help protect against pathogens?

A

compete for space and nutrients, making it difficult for pathogens to colonize.

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6
Q

What Oral Microorganisms Cause Various Diseases

A

Caries
Periodontitis
Endodontic (root canal) infections
Alveolar osteitis
Tonsillitis

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7
Q

What Oral Microorganisms are Linked to Systemic Diseases

A

Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes
Stroke
Preterm birth
Pneumonia

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8
Q

Normal Oral Flora: Supragingival bacteria

A

Predominantly Streptococci:
Mutans
Salivarius
Mitis
Anginosus

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9
Q

Normal Oral Flora: Subgingival bacteria

A

Actinomyces
Prevotella
Porphyromonas
Fusobacterium
Veillonella

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10
Q

What type of Gram-positive bacteria are cocci?

A

Streptococcus

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11
Q

What are the groups of Streptococcus?

A

Mutans group, Salivarius group, Mitis group, Anginosus group.

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12
Q

What type of Gram-positive bacteria are bacilli and filaments?

A

Lactobacilli, Eubacteria, Propionibacterium acnes and Propionibacterium propionicus,
Actinomyces species

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12
Q

What are Streptococcus bacteria commonly called?

A

Viridans streptococci.

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13
Q

Why are Streptococcus bacteria called “viridans”?

A

They produce green (viridis in Latin) colonies on blood agar.

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14
Q

Where does the Mutans group commonly colonize?

A

Tooth or denture surfaces.

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14
Q

What is a key trait of Mutans group bacteria in relation to acid?

A

rapidly produce acid and can grow in an acidic environment.

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15
Q

What are the 4 groups of Streptococcus?

A

Mutans group, Salivarius group, Mitis group, Anginosus group.

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16
Q

What is the primary pathogen in dental caries from the Mutans group?

A

Streptococcus mutans.

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17
Q

What types of caries does Streptococcus mutans cause?

A

Root surface caries in the elderly, pit and fissure caries, and smooth surface (enamel) caries.

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18
Q

What is an important virulence property of Streptococcus mutans?

A

The ability to form biofilm.

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19
Q

Where is the Salivarius group commonly found?

A

On mucosal surfaces, including the tongue.

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20
Q

Which bacteria in the Salivarius group is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

Streptococcus salivarius.

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21
Q

How does the cariogenicity of Streptococcus salivarius compare to S. mutans?

A

strongly cariogenic but less than S. mutans.

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22
Q

Where is Streptococcus vestibularis commonly found?

A

In the oral vestibules as a normal inhabitant.

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23
Q

What are the main bacteria in the Mitis group?

A

Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus oralis.

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24
Q

Which Mitis group bacteria can become opportunistic pathogens and cause infective endocarditis?

A

Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis.

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25
Q

What role do Mitis group bacteria play in biofilm formation?

A

early colonizers in biofilm formation.

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26
Q

Where is the Anginosus group commonly found?

A

In dental plaque and on mucosal surfaces.

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27
Q

What type of pathogens are members of the Anginosus group?

A

Opportunistic pathogens.

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28
Q

What types of infections is the Anginosus group involved in?

A

Maxillofacial infections.

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29
Q

Which bacteria are included in the Anginosus group?

A

Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus intermedius, and Streptococcus constellatus.

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30
Q

What percentage of the total cultivable microflora in the oral cavity do Lactobacilli constitute?

A

About 1%.

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31
Q

In which type of caries lesions do Lactobacilli increase?

A

Advanced caries lesions of the enamel and root surface.

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32
Q

What are two key characteristics of Lactobacilli?

A

acidogenic (produce acid) and acid tolerant.

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33
Q

How can testing for Lactobacilli in saliva be useful?

A

helps monitor patients’ dietary intake of carbohydrates.

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34
Q

What shape and oxygen requirement describe Eubacteria in dental plaque?

A

pleomorphic and obligate anaerobes.

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35
Q

Which two main species of Propionibacterium are found in dental plaque?

A

Propionibacterium acnes and Propionibacterium propionicus.

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35
Q

What percentage of anaerobes in periodontal pockets do Eubacteria constitute?

A

More than 50%.

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36
Q

What are the oxygen requirements of Propionibacterium species?

A

strict anaerobes.

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37
Q

What shape are Propionibacterium bacteria?

A

Bacilli

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38
Q

What role do Actinomyces species play in dental plaque?

A

major component of dental plaque.

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39
Q

Where are Actinomyces species found in healthy individuals?

A

In the subgingival microbiota.

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40
Q

Which Actinomyces species can be an opportunistic pathogen?

A

Actinomyces israelii.

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41
Q

What condition can Actinomyces israelii cause?

A

Actinomycosis, which is chronic inflammation in the orofacial region.

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42
Q

What is an example of Gram-negative cocci found in the oral cavity?

A

Veillonella species.

42
Q

Name some Gram-negative bacilli found in the oral cavity.

A

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium species, Porphyromonas, and Prevotella.

43
Q

What are examples of spiral-shaped Gram-negative bacteria in the oral cavity?

A

Campylobacter rectus and Treponema.

44
Q

Which Gram-negative bacteria in the oral cavity is pleomorphic?

A

Tannerella forsythia.

45
Q

What type of bacteria are Veillonella species?

A

Anaerobic Gram-negative cocci.

46
Q

Where are Veillonella species primarily found in the oral cavity?

A

Mostly in dental plaque.

47
Q

Where is Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans found in the oral cavity?

A

subgingival plaque.

48
Q

With which condition is Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans particularly associated?

A

Aggressive periodontitis

49
Q

What effect does Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans have on bone?

A

stimulates bone resorption.

50
Q

What type of bacteria are Fusobacterium species?

A

Strict anaerobes.

51
Q

Which Fusobacterium species is commonly mentioned in oral health?

A

Fusobacterium nucleatum.

52
Q

Where is Fusobacterium nucleatum found in the oral cavity?

A

low numbers in healthy subgingival dental biofilm and enriched in periodontal pockets.

53
Q

What role does Fusobacterium nucleatum play in dental biofilm?

A

key bridging organism between early colonizers and periodontal pathogens.

54
Q

Why is Fusobacterium nucleatum considered an opportunistic pathogen?

A

Due to its association with systemic diseases.

55
Q

What type of metabolic substrates do Porphyromonas species use?

A

Proteins and peptides.

56
Q

Which Porphyromonas species is commonly found in advanced periodontal lesions?

A

Porphyromonas gingivalis.

57
Q

Where is Porphyromonas gingivalis primarily found?

A

exclusively at subgingival sites, especially in advanced periodontal lesions.

58
Q

What role does Porphyromonas gingivalis play in dental plaque?

A

It is a major flora in dental plaque.

59
Q

Where is Porphyromonas endodontalis primarily identified?

A

In infected root canals.

60
Q

What type of bacteria are Prevotella species?

A

Strict anaerobes.

61
Q

Which Prevotella species is associated with periodontitis and endodontic infections?

A

Prevotella intermedia.

62
Q

What role does Prevotella intermedia play in dental plaque?

A

It is a major flora in dental plaque.

63
Q

Where is Campylobacter rectus commonly found?

A

In sites of periodontal disease.

64
Q

What type of bacteria is Campylobacter rectus?

A

Strict anaerobe.

65
Q

What condition is Campylobacter rectus an agent of?

A

Chronic periodontal disease.

66
Q

What type of bacteria are Treponema species?

A

Strict anaerobes.

67
Q

What shape is Treponema?

A

Spirochete

67
Q

Which Treponema species is associated with the progression of periodontal diseases?

A

Treponema denticola.

67
Q

What happens to the number of Treponema denticola in advanced periodontal disease?

A

Increases

68
Q

What type of bacteria is Tannerella forsythia?

A

Gram-negative anaerobe.

69
Q

Where does Tannerella forsythia inhabit in the oral cavity?

A

subgingival cavity.

69
Q

What role does Tannerella forsythia play in periodontal disease?

A

initiates connective tissue destruction and alveolar bone resorption.

69
Q

What fraction of fungi in the mouth do Candida species constitute?

A

The largest fraction.

70
Q

What is the prevalence of Candida in asymptomatic adults?

A

2-71%, and 100% in immunocompromised individuals or those on broad-spectrum antibiotics.

71
Q

Where is Candida most commonly found in the oral cavity?

A

dorsum of the tongue.

72
Q

How does the use of dentures and orthodontic appliances affect Candida?

A

increases the incidence, as Candida can bind to denture acrylic.

73
Q

What is the most common species of Candida?

A

Candida albicans.

74
Q

What is the most common location for Herpes simplex virus type 1?

A

Saliva and the orofacial region.

75
Q

Which virus is detected in saliva and oral epithelium?

A

Coxsackievirus

75
Q

What condition is caused by Herpes simplex virus type 1?

A

Cold sores, which occur when the latent virus in the trigeminal nerve is activated by stress or ultraviolet light.

76
Q

Which Human papillomavirus types are detected in oral lesions of patients with HIV/AIDS?

A

Types 2, 4, 6, 11, and 16.

77
Q

Why do Hepatitis B and HIV in saliva pose a cross-infection threat?

A

They may be transmitted through saliva, emphasizing the need for universal precautions.

78
Q

Which protozoa are frequently found in the oral cavity?

A

Trichomonas tenax and Entamoeba gingivalis.

79
Q

What percentage of the healthy population carries Trichomonas tenax?

A

2%.

80
Q

What factor in the oral ecosystem can be affected by medications?

A

Salivary flow rate.

80
Q

What percentage of patients with periodontal disease carry Trichomonas tenax?

A

21%.

81
Q

How does diet contribute to oral disease?

A

Diet can affect the balance of microorganisms in the oral cavity and influence disease development.

82
Q

How does tobacco use impact the oral ecosystem?

A

affecting microbial balance and reducing immune function.

83
Q

What are the Main oral habitats?

A

Mucosal surfaces
Teeth
Saliva
Gingival crevicular fluid

83
Q

How does the integrity of the immune system affect the oral ecosystem?

A

compromised immune system can lead to increased susceptibility to oral infections and disease.

84
Q

What structures on the dorsum of the tongue provide a niche for bacteria?

A

Papillary structures.

85
Q

How do the papillary structures on the dorsum of the tongue contribute to bacterial retention?

A

They provide a niche for bacteria that would otherwise be removed by salivary flow.

86
Q

What type of bacteria thrive on the dorsum of the tongue?

A

Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic bacteria.

87
Q

What oral conditions are associated with the bacteria on the dorsum of the tongue?

A

Periodontal disease and malodor (halitosis).

88
Q

What is a key characteristic of teeth that allows bacterial colonization?

A

non-shedding surface for bacterial colonization.

89
Q

What forms on tooth surfaces as bacteria accumulate?

A

Dental plaque.

89
Q

Where is dental plaque more commonly present on teeth?

A

pits and fissures.

90
Q

How do subgingival surfaces differ from supragingival surfaces in terms of the bacterial environment?

A

more anaerobic environment than supragingival surfaces.

91
Q

What does saliva help clear from the oral cavity?

A

Potentially damaging acids produced by plaque bacteria after metabolizing carbohydrates.

92
Q

What is the pH range that saliva buffers?

A

Between 6.75 and 7.25.

92
Q

What are the roles of proteins and glycoproteins in saliva?

A
  • Form the acquired pellicle on teeth
  • Nourish normal oral microflora
  • Help aggregate microorganisms for removal
  • Inhibit harmful microorganisms
93
Q

What does gingival crevicular fluid remove from the oral cavity?

A

Non-adherent bacteria.

94
Q

What immune components are introduced by gingival crevicular fluid?

A

IgG and neutrophils.

95
Q

What does gingival crevicular fluid provide for bacteria?

A

Peptides and carbohydrates for metabolism.

96
Q

How does the pH of gingival crevicular fluid change in gingivitis and periodontitis?

A

pH increases, creating a favorable environment for periodontopathogens.

97
Q

Which periodontopathogens thrive in the increased pH of gingival crevicular fluid?

A

P. gingivalis and P. intermedia.

98
Q

What role can prosthodontic and orthodontic appliances play in oral health?

A

act as reservoirs for bacteria and yeasts.

99
Q

What is one cause of Candida-associated denture stomatitis?

A

Poor denture hygiene.

infection and immunity (7 decks)

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