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infection and immunity > antibiotics and vaccines > Flashcards

antibiotics and vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What do bactericidal antibiotics do and give an example?

A

kill bacteria during the growth phase.
Example: Penicillin

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2
Q

What do bacteriostatic antibiotics do?

A

inhibit bacterial growth but do not kill the bacteria.

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3
Q

What do bacteriostatic antibiotics need to kill the bacteria

A

The immune response

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4
Q

Antibacterial Agents: Mechanism of Action

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Inhibit protein synthesis
Inhibit metabolic activity
Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
Alter cell membrane

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5
Q

Narrow-spectrum

A

antibiotics act against limited group of bacter

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6
Q

Broad-spectrum

A

antibiotics act against large group of bacteria

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7
Q

What are narrow-spectrum antibiotics?

A

act only on a specific pathogen and do not affect normal microflora.

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8
Q

What are the advantages of using narrow-spectrum antibiotics?

A

cause less antibiotic resistance

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9
Q

What are the downsides of using narrow-spectrum antibiotics?

A

They are highly specific and may not work if the pathogen is not accurately identified.

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9
Q

What are broad-spectrum antibiotics?

A

act on a wide range of bacteria, including both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

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10
Q

What is an advantage of using broad-spectrum antibiotics?

A

do not require identifying the infectious pathogen

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10
Q

What are the disadvantages of using broad-spectrum antibiotics?

A

can increase drug resistance and affect the normal microflora of the body.

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11
Q

What is Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)?

A

lowest concentration of a drug that is able to kill a bacterium.

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12
Q

What is Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)?

A

lowest concentration of a drug that can inhibit microbial growth during the incubation period.

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13
Q

How do antibiotics affect the oral microbiome?

A

harm the oral microbiome flora, allowing the outgrowth of pathogenic bacteria.

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14
Q

What is a major concern with prolonged antibiotic use?

A

can lead to antibiotic resistance, making infections harder to treat.

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15
Q

What type of allergic reactions can occur from antibiotics?

A

can cause allergic reactions, ranging from mild rashes to severe anaphylaxis.

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15
Q

How Can Resistance Occur?

A

Bacteria can limit their permeability
Alter the molecular targets of the antibiotics
Inactivate the antibiotics

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16
Q

When do you use antibiotics in dentistry?

A

Premedication
Abscess
Antimicrobials in periodontal therapy

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17
Q

Antimicrobials in Periodontal Therapy

A

Oral rinses with antimicrobial agents
Arestin
Laser therapy
Systemic delivery methods

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18
Q

What are examples of Oral rinses with antimicrobial agents

A

Chlorhexidine (CHX) rinse
Essential Oils
Cetylpyridinium chloride based rinse (CPC)

19
Q

Pathway of systemic antibiotics treating periodontitis

A
  1. Travel from bloodstream to the periodontal tissues
  2. Reach the Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF)
  3. Kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
19
Q

antiseptic agents

A

usually broad spectrum, kill or prevent propograption of plaque microorganism

20
Q

antibiotics

A

broad or narrow spectrum, inhibit or kill specific groups of bacteria, or modulate inflammatory response

20
Q

Conditions Associated with Antibiotics in Dentistry

A
  • GI upset
  • Sensitivity to sunlight
  • Intrinsic staining in developing teeth
  • Potential toxicity to pregnant mother and fetus
  • Increase in vaginal candidiasis
  • Impairs absorption of some nutrients
  • Depresses prothrombin activity
  • Potential to render oral contraceptives less effective
20
Q

Why are there only a few effective antifungal drugs?

A

limited because fungal cells are similar to human cells

21
Q

How do antifungal drugs work?

A

disrupt fungal membrane permeability, often targeting sterols in the membrane, which are essential for cell structure.

22
Q

Why are there limited antiviral drugs available?

A

difficult to target viral replication without harming host cells.

23
Q

Can you give an example of antiviral drugs?

A

Anti-HIV drugs are a well-known example of antiviral drugs, targeting specific stages of the HIV replication cycle.

24
Q

What is herd immunity and how do vaccines contribute to it?

A

when a significant portion of the population is vaccinated, preventing the spread of disease to those who are unvaccinated or vulnerable.

25
Q

What is the main purpose of herd immunity?

A

prevent the spread of disease

26
Q

What are attenuated vaccines?

A

contain live, weakened microbes that induce an immune response without causing disease.

27
Q

What types of immune responses do attenuated vaccines induce?

A

Innate
Humoral
Cell-mediated

27
Q

Can you give examples of attenuated vaccines?

A

Varicella Zoster and the MMR vaccine.

28
Q

What are inactivated vaccines?

A

contain killed or inactivated bacteria, toxins (toxoids), or proteins/polysaccharides to stimulate an immune response without causing disease.

29
Q

What are the types of inactivated vaccines?

A

Inactivated bacteria
Inactivated toxins (toxoids)
Inactivated proteins or polysaccharides

30
Q

Can you give examples of inactivated vaccines?

A

Rabies vaccine ,Tdap vaccines.

31
Q

What type of immunity do inactivated vaccines usually induce?

A

humoral immunity, but it is often not long-lasting.

32
Q

What immune response is not elicited by inactivated vaccines?

A

IgA response

33
Q

Why are booster shots necessary for inactivated vaccines?

A

Flu vaccine (annually)
Tdap (every 10 years)
COVID vaccine (boosters required)

34
Q

What are subunit vaccines?

A

contain molecular components of bacteria or viruses, rather than the whole microorganism.

35
Q

Can you give examples of subunit vaccines?

A

Hepatitis B, Human Papillomavirus

36
Q

When is the HBV vaccine typically given?

A

first vaccine given to infants shortly after birth.

37
Q

How many different antibodies can the body produce?

A

1 x 10^8 different antibodies, each with distinct binding specificities.

38
Q

Why can we receive multiple vaccines in one visit?

A

because the body can produce many different antibodies with distinct specificities, allowing it to respond to various pathogens simultaneously.

39
Q

How long does it take to activate B and T cells after exposure?

A

2 weeks, which is why it may take time to recover from an infection(cold)

40
Q

How do antiviral drugs work?

A

stop the virus by targeting specific proteins needed by the virus, without harming the host cell. However, these proteins may also be needed for the host’s own cells.

41
Q

What is a challenge when using antiviral drugs?

A

Mutations in the virus may occur, making the drug less effective over time.

42
Q

What is active immunization?

A

uses cell wall antigens and enzymes from mutans streptococci, effective in animal models but not yet proven in humans.

43
Q

What is passive immunization?

A

involves using transgenic plants that produce dimeric monoclonal antibodies specific for mutans antigens.

infection and immunity (7 decks)

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