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infection and immunity > exam 2 worksheets > Flashcards

exam 2 worksheets Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in the Lag Phase?

A

Bacteria increase in size but theres no cell division

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2
Q

What happens in the Exponential Phase?

A

Cells divide by binary fusion, doubling in number

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2
Q

What happens in the Stationary Phase?

A

Growth reaches a platue
Number of diving cells = dying cells

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3
Q

What happens in the Death Phase?

A

Number of living cells decrease exponentially

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4
Q

What bacteria releases endotoxins?

A

Gram-negative bacteria

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4
Q

What bacteria releases exotoxins?

A

Both Gram-negative and Gram-postive bacteria

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4
Q

What is the Transformation mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer?

A

Introductions, uptake and expression of foreign genetic material

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5
Q

What is the Conjugation mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer?

A

Transfer of DNA via a plasmid from a donor cell to a recipient cell

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6
Q

What is the Transduction mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer?

A

Bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by virus

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6
Q

What bacteria has these characteristics?
* Retains crystal violets
* Thick peptidoglycan layer
* SOME form spores
* can induce fever/inflammation

A

Gram-positve bacteria

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6
Q

What bacteria has these characteristics?
* Doesnt retain crystal violets
* No peptidoglycan
* Has an outer membrane: lipopolysaccharide
* impenetrable cell wall
* releases endotoxins

A

Gram-negative bacteria

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7
Q

Since gram-negative bacteria has an impenetrable cell wall how does this relate to its resistance?

A
  • Resistant to antibiotics
  • Develops resistance quicket
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8
Q

What bacteria has pilli and fimbriae

A

Gram-negative bacteria

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9
Q

What do the gram-negative and gram positive bacteria have in common?

A
  • release exotoxins
  • contain flagella
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10
Q

What happens in the Lytic Cycle?

A
  • New virions produced
  • bacterial cell undergoes lysis
  • releasing more bacteriophages
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11
Q

What is the latent period in the Lytic Cycle?

A

Time between infection of host cell and cell lysis

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12
Q

What do the bacteriophages do in the Lytic Cycle?

A

Infect other cells

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13
Q

What happens in the Lysogenic Cycle?

A

Viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA

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14
Q

What is the Dormant Period in the Lysogenic Cycle?

A

Host cell lives and does not show sign of infection

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15
Q

In the Lysogenic Cycle, the viral DNA integrates into the host genome and then….

A

Remains dormant until triggered to enter the lytic cycle

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16
Q

What is the Positive Strand RNA?

A

Serves as mRNA and can be immediately transferred to proteins

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17
Q

What is the Positive Strand RNA sequence?

A

RNA/mRNA → Protiens

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18
Q

What is the Negative Strand RNA?

A

Requires viral RNA to be transcribed into mRNA before it can be translated into proteins

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19
Q

What is the Negative Strand RNA sequence?

A

RNA → mRNA → Proteins

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20
Q

Facultative Anaerobe

A

Growth throughout but heavy in the top

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20
Q

Obligate Aerobe

A

Only surface growth

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21
Q

Obligate Anaerobe

A

Growth only at bottom

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22
Q

Aerotolerant Anaerobe

A

Low growth throughout

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23
Q

Microaerophile

A

Below surface growth

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24
Q

How is bacteria metabolized by glucose?

A
  • Glucose is converted
  • Occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions
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25
Q

How is bacteria metabolized by fermentation?

A
  • Under anaerobic conditions
  • Involved conversion of pyruvate (ethanol, latic acid)
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26
Q

What does the lipopolysaccharide of the gram neg bacteria release?

A

Endotoxins

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27
Q

What happens when a low dose of endotoxins is released?

A

Activates immune system and can trigger fever

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27
Q

What happens when a high dose of endotoxins is released?

A

Can cause extreme fevers, septic shock, and skin lesions

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28
Q

Why are virsus hard to treat?

A

They live inside our cells, hard treat without causing damage to host cells.

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29
Q

Why are fungal cells hard to treat?

A

They are very similar to human cells

30
Q

Why are bacteria cells east to treat?

A

We have many mechanisms to recognize pathogens so it’s easy to treat.

31
Q

What are the steps for a virus to undergo replication? (A Purple Apple Might Redden)

A

Attachment
Penetration
Uncoating
Replication
Assembly
Maturation
Replication

32
Q

What is the Attachment step for a virus to undergo replication?

A

1st step: Virus binds to host cell through specific receptor molecules on the host cell’s plasma membrane

33
Q

What is the Penetration step for a virus to undergo replication?

A

2nd step: Energy from host cells causes viruses to cross the host cell’s plasma membrane through endocytosis or phagocytosis

34
Q

What is the Uncoating step for a virus to undergo replication?

A

3rd step: breakdown/remove of capsit to release genome to be used for replication and transcription

35
Q

What is the Replication step for a virus to undergo replication and its purpose?

A

4th step: Proteins incorporated into virions made by expressing viral genes, viral genome is copied

The purpose is to make needed components (viral proteins and genomes) to assemble new virions

36
Q

What is the Assembly step for a virus to undergo replication and can it occur simultaneously with other steps?

A

5th step: newly synthesized viral components collected and assembled into immature virus particles
- Can occur alongside maturation and release

37
Q

What is the Matruation step for a virus to undergo replication?

A

6th step: changed to immature virion/capsid, resulting in infection virused readly to infect other cells

38
Q

What shape is cocci bacteria?

A

Spherical
- clusters = staphylococcus
- chains = streptococcus

38
Q

What is the Release step for a virus to undergo replication?

A

6th step: virsion released into extracellular environment to continue cycle of infection of infection new cells

39
Q

Does pleomorphic bacteria have a shape?

A

No

39
Q

What is the shape of bacilli bacteria?

A

Rod

39
Q

What is the shape of Vibrio bacteria?

A

Curved or comma
- spirillum = thick, rigid, spiral
- spirochete = thin, flexible, spiral

40
Q

Bacterial Cell Structure

A

Capsule
Cell Wall
Cytoplasmic Membrane
Pili
Flagella
Nucleoid
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes

40
Q

Fimbriae/pili

A
  • Responsible for: attachment and transfer of DNA
  • Motility
40
Q

Capsule

A
  • Can inhibit phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages → virulence factor for some bacteria
  • Covers the outer layer of the cell wall
  • Composed of polysaccharides
  • Mediates attachment of bacterium to host tissues
41
Q

Flagella

A
  • Motility
  • Also sense certain temperature and chemicals/metals
41
Q

What type of bacteria are Normal Flora considered?

A

Commnsal

42
Q

What are the Gram-Positive Bacteria in Streptococcus viridans group (green)?

A
  • Mutans group
  • Salivarius group
  • Mitis group
  • Anginosus group
42
Q

What are the Gram-Positive Bacteria in Bacilli and Filaments?

A
  • Lactobacilli
  • Eubacteria
  • Propionibacterium acnes and Propionibacterium propionicus
  • Actinomyces species
43
Q

What are the Gram-Positive Bacteria in the S.Salivarius group?

A

S. salivarius
S. vestibularis

43
Q

What are the Gram-Positive Bacteria in the S.Mitis group?

A

S. sanguinis
S. gordonii
S. mitis
S. oralis

43
Q

What are the Gram-Positive Bacteria in the S. Anginosus group?

A

S. anginosus
S. intermedius
S. constellatus

43
Q

What are the Gram-Negative Bacteria that are bacilli shaped?

A
  • Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
  • Fusobacterium species
  • Porphyromonas
  • Prevotella
44
Q

What are the Gram-Negative Bacteria that are cocci shaped?

A

Veillonella species

45
Q

What are the Gram-Negative Bacteria that are pleomorphic shaped?

A

Tannerella forsythia

45
Q

What are the Gram-Negative Bacteria that are spiral shaped?

A
  • Campylobacter rectus
  • Treponema
45
Q

Supragingival bacteria

A
  • Predominantly Streptococcus
    • Mutans
    • Salivarius
    • Mitis
    • Anginosus
46
Q

What bacteria(gram/aerobe) are Supragingival bacteria?

A

Gram-Positive facultative anaerobe

46
Q

Subgingival bacteria

A
  • Actinomyces
  • Prevotella
  • Porphyromonas
  • Fusobacterium
  • Veillonella
46
Q

What bacteria (gram/aerobe) are Subgingival bacteria?

A

Gram-Negative Anaerobe
EXPECT ACTINOMYCES BEING GRAM POSITIVE

47
Q

What are the importances of Streptococcus Mutans?

A
  • Causes caries
  • Produces acids
  • Forms biofilm
  • Colonized tooth/denture surfaces
48
Q

What are the importances of Lactobacilli?

A
  • Caries formation
  • PH range growth in acidogneic
49
Q

What is the importances of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans?

A

Associated with aggressive periodontitis

50
Q

What is the importances of Porphyromonas gingivalis?

A

Found in advanced periodontal lesions

51
Q

What are the importances of Treponema denticola?

A
  • Progression of perio disease
  • Strict anaerobe
52
Q

What are the importances of Tannerella Forsythia?

A
  • Connective tissue destruction/Alveolar bone respostion in perio disease
  • Gram negative anaerobe
53
Q

What are the bacterias associated with periodontal disease?

A
  • Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
  • Porphyromonas gingivalis
  • Prevotella intermedia
  • Campylobacter rectus
  • Treponema Denticola
  • Tannerella Forsythia
  • Fusobacterium nucleatum
  • Eubacteria
54
Q

What are early colonizers?

A
  • Initials bacteria that colonize the pellicle surface though specific molecules
55
Q

What bacteria are early colonizers?

A
  • Gram-positive facultative anaerobic
    - Actinomyces spp
- Oral Streptococci (80% of the initial biofilm)
56
Q

What are Secondary colonizers and when do they attach?

A
  • Continues plaque attracts other bacteria to adhere to the bacterial matrix
  • Attach 1-2 days after plaque accumulation
  • Subsequently attracts late colonizers
56
Q

What are the secondary colonizers bacteria? (pretty fun cats)

A
  • Gram-negative
  • Prevotella intermedia
  • Capnocytophaga spp
  • Fusobacterium nucleatum
57
Q

What are Late colonizers and when do they attach?

A
  • Adheres to gram-positive
  • Attached after 1 week of plaque accumulation
58
Q

What are Late colonizers bacteria?

A
  • Gram-negative
  • P.Gingivalis
59
Q

What are the dental biolm stages of formation?

A
  1. Pellicle Formation
  2. Bacterial Attachment
  3. Colonization
  4. Growth
  5. Maturation
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infection and immunity (11 decks)

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