oral med - ALL OF NATS Flashcards
1
Q
- What are the benign mucosal lesions caused by congenital defects?
A
Leukoedema, fordyce spots
2
Q
- What are the benign mucosal lesions associated with trauma?
A
Aphthous ulcers,
frictional keratosis,
linea alba,
cheek biting,
polyps,
amalgam tattoo,
denture induced hyperplasia,
mucocele,
ranula,
melanotic macule
3
Q
- What are the benign mucosal lesions associated with frictional keratosis?
A
Linea alba,
cheek biting
4
Q
- What are the benign mucosal lesions associated with primarily fungal infection?
A
Pseudomembranous candidosis, chronic hyperplastic candidosis
5
Q
- What is the benign mucosal lesions associated with viral infection?
A
Secondary herpes, papilloma
6
Q
- What are the benign mucosal lesions of inflammatory cause?
A
Geographic tongue,
lichenoid lesion,
fibrous epulis,
pyogenic granuloma
7
Q
- What are the benign mucosal lesions of autoimmune inflammatory cause?
A
Oral lichen planus, vesiculobullous conditions
8
Q
- What is the metabolic disease that is presented as pigmentation intraorally, e.g. buccal mucosa?
A
Addison’s disease
9
Q
- What is the condition that is associated with benign mesenchymal neoplasms?
A
Lipoma
10
Q
- What are the conditions that are of idiopathic cause?
A
Lipoma,
melanotic macule
11
Q
- What are the clinical features of leukoedema?
A
Bilateral diffuse, grey white on buccal mucosa
+/- folded, wrinkling, corrugation
X rub off, disappears when stretched
12
Q
- What are the causes of fordyce spots?
A
Ectopic sebaceous glands,
hormonal - puberty
13
Q
- What are the causes of leukoedema?
A
Secondary to lower grade mucosal irritation → intracellular oedema
14
Q
- What is the epidemiology of leukoedema?
A
More common among smokers
24-90% prevalence
Blacks > whites
15
Q
- What is the epidemiology of fordyce spots?
A
Adults > kids
16
Q
- What are the signs and symptoms of fordyce spots?
A
Multiple yellow / yellow-white papules
Buccal mucosa & lateral portion of vermillion of upper lip > retromolar area & anterior tonsilar pillar
17
Q
- What are the possible sequelae of fordyce spots?
A
May become hyperplastic
Form keratin-filled pseudocysts
18
Q
- What are the histopathological features of fordyce spots?
A
No hair follicles
Otherwise normal sebaceous glands
Acinar (polygonal sebaceous cells) lobules beneath epithelial surface, communicate thru central duct
19
Q
- What is the epidemiology of aphthous ulcers?
A
20% population
20
Q
- What is the mnx for aphthous ulcers?
A
Remove source
HSMW
Deal with it bruh
21
Q
- What are the causes of aphthous ulcers?
A
Traumatic stimulus - dentures, restorations, direct trauma etc
Haematinic deficiency, hormonal
22
Q
- What are the causes of linea alba?
A
Pressure,
fictional irritation,
sucking trauma,
clenching
23
Q
- What is the epidemiology of cheek biting?
A
Under stress, exhibit psychological conditions
35+
F>M
Glass blowers
24
Q
- What are the clinical presentations of cheek biting?
A
Bilateral on anterior buccal mucosa
Unilateral / combined w/ lesions of lips / tongue
Thickened, shredded, white areas +/- interviewing zones of erythema, erosion, focal traumatic ulceration
Irregular ragged surface
Can remove shreds of white material
@ midportion of anterior buccal mucosa along occlusal plane
Not to be confused with dysplastic leukoplakia - have more sharply demarcated borders, periphery gradually blends w/ adj mucosa
25
1. What is the cause of polyp?
Benign growth from mucosa
26
1. How to treat polyp?
EXCISION
27
1. How is amalgam incorporated into oral mucosa?
Previous areas of mucosal lesion contaminated w amalgam dust w/n oral fluids
Broken amalgam pieces fall into extraction sites
Floss contaminated w amalgam particles of a recently placed restoration
Amalgam from endo retrofill left w/n soft t/s at surgical site
Fine metallic particles driven thru oral mucosa from P of high speed air turbines
28
1. What are the clinical features of amalgam tattoo?
Macules / slightly raised lesions
Black / blue / grey
Borders - well defined / irregular / diffuse
29
1. What can you see in the R/G of amalgam tattoo?
R/O
30
1. What to do if you can't find any R/O in the R/G of a suspected amalgam tattoo?
Biopsy to rule out possibility of melanocytic neoplasia
31
1. What happened in mucocele?
Submucosal cystic swelling d/t damage to minor salivary gland / ducts - mucous extravasation cyst
Saliva escapes from damaged duct into surrounding lip → swelling
32
1. Is mucocele more commonly found in the lower or upper lip?
Lower lip
33
1. If mucocele is found in the upper lip, what is it more likely to be?
Minor salivary gland tumour
34
1. What are the clinical features of mucocele?
Bluish translucent hue d/t swelling, dome shaped, range from 1-2mm - few cm, some firm to palpation but can be fluctuant
35
1. What is the treatment of mucocele?
Excision of cyst & associated gland under LA
36
1. What is a ranula?
Mucocele of sublingual gland and its draining ducts
37
1. What are the clinical features of ranula?
Painless swelling
Blue, dome shaped, fluctuant swelling in FOM
38
1. What is the non-oral presentation of ranula?
Plunging ranula passes thru mylohyoid m/s → neck swelling
39
1. How to manage ranula?
Excision (i/o or e/o approach) under GA
40
1. What is the complication associated with mucocele?
Reduced sensation to region d/t damaged sensory nerve branch
41
1. What are the causes of denture induced hyperplasia?
Ill-fitting denture, worn 24/7
42
1. What are the clinical features of denture induced hyperplasia?
Tumour like hyperplasia of fibrous c t/s
Single / multiples folds of hyperplastic t/s in alveolar vestibule
Most often - 2 folds of t/s, flange of denture fits into fissure b/w folds
Redundant t/s - firm, fibrous
43
1. How do you Mx denture induced hyperplasia?
Excision,
new dentures
44
1. What is pseudomembranous candidosis associated with?
Candida albicans
45
1. What are the local and / or systemic predisposing factors associated with pseudomembranous candidosis?
Dry mouth, steroid inhaler, anaemia, nutritional deficiency,
DM, immunosuppressed / immunocompromised,
extremes of age,
dentures,
broad-spectrum antibiotics,
systemic / inhaled corticosteroid
46
1. What are the signs and symptoms of pseudomembranous candidosis?
Relatively mild, burning sensation of oral mucosa,
unpleasant taste - salty / bitter, ℅ ‘blisters’ - in fact the elevated plaques rather than true vesicles
47
1. What are the clinical features of pseudomembranous candidosis?
White (cottage cheese PANEER / curdled milk)
Removable patches
Erythematous / bleeding base / normal
48
1. How to investigate pseudomembranous candidosis?
Culturing w KOH prep - budding yeasts, hyphae, pseudohyphae
49
1. What are the local measures for pseudomembranous candidosis?
if on corticosteroid inhaler - rinse mouth w/ water / brush teeth STAT after use
50
1. What are the treatment options for pseudomembranous candidosis?
Fluconazole 50mg OD max 14/7 for oropharyngeal candidosis
c/i warfarin & statins
Miconazole 20mg/g pea sized after food QDS
Continue for 7/7 after lesions healed
c/i warfarin & statins
Nystatin 1ml after food QDS for 7/7
Rinse around mouth for 5 mins before swallowing
Continue for 48 hours after lesions healed
51
1. What is a significant aetiological factor in chronic hyperplastic candidosis?
Smoking
52
1. What are the clinical features of chronic hyperplastic candidosis?
Firmly adherent (x scrapable) white plaques
+/- intermingled erythema & nodularity
@ commissure / anterior region of buccal mucosa
Bilateral, may also affect tongue
Fine intermingling of red & white areas → speckled leukoplakia
53
1. How do you diagnose chronic hyperplastic candidosis?
Biopsy
Swab may be non-diagnostic cuz candida infiltrates deeply into epithelium
Presence of candidal hyphae + complete resolution post antifungal Tx
54
1. Is chronic hyperplastic candidosis a malignant mucosal disorder?
NO - so x call candida leukoplakia
55
1. What is papilloma associated with?
HPV
56
1. What are the clinical features of papillomas?
Sessile (immobile) / pedunculated
Can become traumatised; look like pomelo flesh
57
1. How do you manage papilloma?
Excision
58
1. What is secondary herpes caused by?
Reactivation of latent virus in the trigeminal system
E.g. UV light, stress, immunocompromised
59
1. What are the signs and symptoms associated with secondary herpes?
Tingling sensation before vesicles develop on the lip
Cold sore
60
1. How to mnx secondary herpes?
Topical antivirals
61
1. What is geographic tongue also associated with?
Fissured tongue, vitamin B
Possible a/w psoriasis
Hereditary but unclear genetic links
62
1. What is the epidemiology of geographic tongue?
1-2% population
M=F
All ages, less common in kids
Fam Hx
63
1. What are the signs and symptoms of geographic tongue?
Sore / sensitive tongue when eating spicy / acidic foods
64
1. What are the clinical features of geographic tongue?
Affect tongue surface
Can move around tongue → erythema migrans
Map looking, irregular outlined red patches
Red areas surrounded by white / yellow / cream border
Can disappear / return after some time
65
1. Where else can geographic tongue affect?
Lips / cheeks / palate
66
1. How to diagnose geographic tongue?
Hx, C, x need special investigations
Some pt may have ‘fissured tongue’ a/o psoriasis
67
1. How to manage geographic tongue?
Analgesic m/w or lozenges to numb tongue before meals is sore
Avoid alcohol containing m/w
Use sugar free lozenges
Avoid spicy / acidic foods, carbonated drinks, vinegars, tomatoes
Stop / cut down on smoking
Confine alcohol intake
Regular dental visits
68
1. What is a lichenoid reaction?
Inflammatory reaction to metal / medication
69
1. What are the causes of lichenoid reaction (medication)?
Antihypertensives
* ACEi - captopril
* ARBs - losartan
* Beta-blocker - propranolol, atenolol
* CCBs - amlodipine, nifedipine, verapamil
* Thiazide diuretics - hydrochlorothiazide
* Loop diuretics - furosemide
Oral hypoglycaemics
* Tolbutamide
* Chlorpropamide (sulphonylureas)
NSAIDs
* Ibuprofen, naproxen, phenylbutazone
70
1. What are the clinical features of lichenoid reaction?
White lesion next to possible source
X wipeable
71
1. What is fibrous epulis?
Growth on gum, chronic irritation
72
1. What are the clinical features of fibrous epulis?
At gingival margin of teeth
Normal overlying mucosa & fibrous centre
73
1. How to treat fibrous epulis?
Excision
74
1. What is pyogenic granuloma?
Growth on gum
Local irritation or trauma
NOT a true granuloma
75
1. What is the epidemiology of pyogenic granuloma?
a/w F during pregnancy - possible hormonal association
76
1. What are the clinical features of pyogenic granuloma?
At gingival margin of teeth
More vascular lesion, appears blueish / blackish
77
1. What happens in Addison’s disease?
Oral mucosal pigmentation associated with systemic condition
78
1. What is the epidemiology of melanotic macule?
50+
79
1. What are the clinical features of melanotic macule?
Round / oval brown / black pigmented area on lip / any mucosal surface
80
1. What are the clinical features of oral lichen planus?
Bilateral white, lace like pattern on buccal mucosa & tongue
Desquamative gingivitis on gums - red, shiny
White / red patches
Ulcers
81
1. What is the epidemiology of oral lichen planus?
1-2%
Middle aged to elferly F
Some cases a/w Hep C but x common in the UK
82
1. What are the signs and symptoms of oral lichen planus?
Burning / stinging when eating / drinking
Exacerbated by spicy foods, citrus fruits, alcohol
If gums affected → tender & uncomfy t/b
Ulcers
83
1. What are other sites affected by lichen planus?
Skin, nails, genitals, scalp
Less common - oesophagus, larynx, anus, bladder, eyelids, lacrimal glands
84
1. What are the types of OLP?
Erosive / papular,
reticular,
atrophic,
plaque,
bullous
85
1. How to diagnose OLP?
C, biopsy,
swab if suspect super-added candida
Blood tests if associated d/s suspected
86
1. How to treat OLP?
Baseline photos,
topical,
systemic,
pt advice,
referral
87
1. How to treat OLP topically?
Analgesic m/w (difflam / benzydamine)
Topical steroids - m/w / sprays / pastes
Topical tacrolimus (immunosuppressant)
Daily H2O2 m/w or occasionally CHX 2x/week (avoid m/w containing alcohol)
88
1. How to treat OLP systemically?
For severe OLP
Regular blood tests to screen for drug toxicity
On bone protection if on long term oral corticosteroids
Azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil - to further dampen down immune system so that dose of corticosteroid can be reduced ASAP
89
1. How to advise pt w OLP?
Maintain OH - soft brush, TePe, mild flavour / SLS-free t/p
Regular dental checkups
Avoid spicy, acidic, salty foods
Stop smoking, reduce alcohol intake - main RF for mouth cancer
90
1. When to refer a pt w OLP?
Possible malignancy; cant Dx, cant mnx in primary care
91
1. What are the signs and symptoms of vesiculobullous conditions?
Painful blisters
92
1. What are the other sites involved in vesiculobullous conditions?
Iips,
lacrimal glands
93
1. What are the clinical features of vesiculobullous conditions?
Blisters can rupture into erosion & ulcers
94
1. How to diagnose vesiculobullous conditions?
Biopsy
95
1. What are the clinical features of lipoma?
Fat cells surrounded by thin fibrous capsule
96
1. How to manage lipoma?
Excision
97
1. What are the causes of genodermatoses (white sponge naevus)?
Inherited (autosomal dominant)
Defect in normal keratinisation of oral mucosa
98
1. What is the epidemiology of genodermatoses?
F=M; birth to adolescence
99
1. What are the signs and symptoms of genodermatoses?
Roughness, white area
100
1. What are the clinical features of genodermatoses?
White / greyish white patches
Merge w surrounding normal appearing mucosa
Firmly adherent
X associated erythema / ulceration
Surface folded, soft, spongy
101
1. Where else does genodermatoses affect?
Oesophageal, nasal, genital, aro-rectal
Skin, nails, hair
Teeth x affected
102
1. How to diagnose genodermatoses?
C, +ve fam Hx, biopsy if in doubt
Genetic mutation testing - keratin 4 a/o 13
103
1. How to treat genodermatoses?
Benign, x Tx needed, x potentially malignant disorder
104
1. What is the cause of epitheliolysis?
Secondary to mucosal irritation by toothpaste, mouthwash
105
1. What are the clinical features of epitheliolysis?
Strands of gelatinous milk white
Removable by wiping
X sig abnormality of underlying t/s
106
1. How to mnx epitheliolysis?
Cease m/w use
Avoid SLS containing products (sodium lauryl sulphate)
107
1. What are the causes of traumatic keratosis?
Secondary to physical (frictional) / chemical / thermal irritation
108
1. What are the signs and symptoms of traumatic keratosis?
Rough / ridged to pt’s tongue
109
1. What are the clinical features of traumatic keratosis?
X removable
+/- shaggy surface
Appear macerated / a/w ridging
110
1. How to diagnose traumatic keratosis?
Should match cause, biopsy if not sure
111
1. How to mnx traumatic keratosis?
Remove cause
112
1. What are the causes of nicotinic stomatitis?
Smoking - 60% pipe, 30% cigarette
113
1. What is the epidemiology of nicotinic stomatitis?
M\>F
114
1. What are the clinical features of nicotinic stomatitis?
Generalised white / greyish white on hard palate extending onto soft palate
Small red dots \<=1mm
115
1. What are the red dots found on nicotinic stomatitis?
Inflamed openings of minor salivary glands
116
1. How to manage nicotinic stomatitis?
Smoking cessation
117
1. What is graft vs host disease?
Immune response of donor-derived cells against recipient tissues
118
1. What are the signs and symptoms of graft vs host disease?
Pain, sensitivity, taste changes, trismus
119
1. What are the clinical features of graft vs host disease?
Dry mouth
For acute GVHD - depends on severity - mild rash to diffuse severe sloughing that resembles toxic epidermal necrolysis
Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, liver dysfunction
120
1. What is the epidemiology of discoid lupus erythematosus?
F\>M
121
1. What are the clinical features of discoid lupus erythematosus?
Central erythematous mucosa surrounded by slightly elevated white border
Fine perpendicular white ‘paint-brush’-like lines
@ palatal, buccal, vestibular mucosa
122
1. Where else does discoid lupus erythematosus affect?
SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) - facial butterfly rash
123
1. How to diagnose discoid lupus erythematosus?
C, biopsy
124
1. How to mnx discoid lupus erythematosus?
Topical steroids, treat the candida as well
125
1. What are the causes of hairy leukoplakia?
Epstein barr virus (HPV 4), strongly a/w HIV
Often super added candida
Any immunosuppressed / immunocompromised
Pt on topical corticosteroids
126
1. What are the clinical features of hairy leukoplakia?
Firmly adherent, corrugated surface
@ lateral border of tongue
127
1. How to diagnose hairy leukoplakia?
C, biopsy, HIV testing
128
1. What is the risk factor of acute erythematous candidosis?
Dry mouth
129
1. What are the signs and symptoms of acute erythematous candidosis?
Burning sensation - ‘as if a hot drink had scalded it’
NOT same as burning mouth syndrome cuz x abnormal filiform papillae
130
1. What are the clinical features of acute erythematous candidosis?
Diffuse loss of filiform papillae of dorsal tongue
Reddened, ‘bald’ appearance of tongue
131
1. What are the types of chronic erythematous candidosis?
Angular cheilitis, denture stomatitis, median rhomboid glossitis
132
1. What are the causes of angular cheilitis?
Chronic erythematous candidosis
May be underlying anaemia / haematinic deficiency
May be candida alone / staph aureus or both
Beta-haemolytic streptococci
133
1. What are the clinical features of angular cheilitis?
Erythema, cracking, crusting, bleeding of skin at angles of mouth
Always check for accompanying sings of i/o candidosis, often a/w denture stomatitis
Reduced OVD
Accentuated folds @ angle of mouth
SO saliva pools in the area → keeping moist → favours yeast infection
134
1. How to mnx angular cheilitis?
Miconazole cream 2% apply to angles of mouth BD, continue use for 10/7 after lesions have healed; c/i warfarin, statin
Miconazole 2% + Hydrocortisone 1% cream / ointment apply to angle of mouth BD; c/i warfarin, statin
Sodium fusidate ointment 2% apply to angelus of mouth QDS
135
1. What is the cause of denture stomatitis?
Any appliance w mucosal coverage
s/t w petechial haemorrhage
Localised to denture-bearing area of upper denture
136
1. What are the clinical features of denture stomatitis?
Palatal mucosa m/c affected
Erythema classification (newton)
* Type I - patchy
* Type II - generalised
* Type III - papillary hyperplasia if long standing condition, a/o pt taking medication that predisposes to hyperplasia, e.g. nifedipine, ciclosporin, phenytoin
137
1. What are the signs and symptoms of denture stomatitis?
Soreness / burning
138
1. How to diagnose denture stomatitis?
If doing swab / imprint → sample should be taken from fitting surface
139
1. How to treat denture stomatitis?
140
1. What is the epidemiology of median rhomboid glossitis?
Rare in kids
141
1. What are the clinical features of median rhomboid glossitis?
Rhomboidal shaped depapillation & erythema in the middle of mid dorsum of tongue
May be a/w hyperplasia → lobular appearance
Corresponding area of erythema affecting palatal mucosa → chronic multifocal candidosis
142
1. What is oral leukoplakia?
White plaque of QUESTIONABLE risk - one of the potentially malignant disorders
Non-scrapable
Excluded other known diseases or disorders
143
1. What is the epidemiology of oral leukoplakia?
SEA - influenced by betel nut chewing
M\>F
2.6% globally; 3% in developed countries
144
1. What are the causes of oral leukoplakia?
Secondary to smoked / smokeless tobacco, alcohol, betel quid use
If no RF → idiopathic leukoplakia - possible underlying genetic basis development
145
1. How to diagnose oral leukoplakia?
Clinical & biopsy - histopathology to rule out other Dx
Ix for 2-week referral
* Swelling, ucleration, speckling, induration
* Additional clinical concern
* Red a/o white patch consistent w erythroplakia / erythroleukoplakia
146
1. What are the differential diagnoses of white lesions?
Smoker’s palate, leukoedema, frictional keratosis, hairy leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, white sponge naevus
147
1. What are the types of oral leukoplakia?
Homogenous leukoplakia,
non-homogenous leukoplakia,
speckled leukoplakia,
erythroplakia
148
1. What are the clinical presentations of homogenous leukoplakia?
Uniformly white, relatively flat
Superficial & clear demarcated margins
149
1. What are the clinical presentations of non-homogenous leukoplakia?
Fissured, erythematous
Nodular, verrucous, irregular surface
Less well demarcated margins
Represents a higher risk lesion than homogenous
150
1. What are the clinical presentations of speckled leukoplakia?
Speckled areas / islands of red patches
151
1. What are the clinical presentations of erythroplakia?
Fiery red patch x clinically / pathologically characterised as any other conditions
Rare
Middle aged, elderly
Similar RF to OL
Malignant transformation rate 14-50% - highest out of all oral potentially malignant disorders
152
1. What is the relationship between HPV & OL?
Less evidence on link b/w HPV & OL
Many reports on link b/w HPV & OSCC
153
1. What is the transformation rates of OL?
Pt specific, x accurately predicted
Annual transformation rate (ATR) - % of pt that will see a malignant change in their OL in a year, around 2-3%
Refer to factors influencing malignant change
154
1. How to lower risk of developing OL?
Reduce / stop tobacco use & alcohol consumption
Stop using snuff, betel, areca nut
Vaping & electronic nicotine ‘safer’
155
1. How to mnx OL?
Surgical excision, esp high risk of malignant transformation
Annual recurrence following surgical excision - 5-10%
Cochrane - lack of evidence to support routine surgical mnx
156
1. What is the follow up interval for OL?
3-6/12 follow up
157
1. What are the factors influencing malignant change?
Surface architectural changes - nodularity / verrucous changes
Presence of areas of erythema w/n leukoplakia (erythroleukoplakia / speckled leukoplakia)
Female
Increased age
Idiopathic leukoplakia - if OL develops w/o aetiological factor → higher risk of malignancy
Site - FOM, ventrolateral tongue, soft palate
Size - \>200mm (20cm)
Dysplasia grade / severity
* Confirmed by histopath assessment
* Dysplasia = abnormal epithelial growth → cytologic, maturational, architectural changes w/n epithelium
Candidal infection in OL
* Carcinogens - certain candida strains can form nitrosamines
* Chronic hyperplastic candidosis - typically involves commissures, smokers, Dx - fungal hyphae on histopath + C
158
1. What is haemangioma?
Benign vascular tumour derived from b v/s cell types
When excising, be careful - potential profuse bleeding
Alternative excision - bipolar
159
1. What is peripheral giant cell lesion?
Red purple nodules located on gums
160
1. What are the biopsy techniques?
Excisional, incisional, punch, aspiration, cytology
161
1. What is excisional biopsy technique?
Complete removal of lesion w surrounding normal t/s
Width & depth \>1-2mm
Can be examined histologically
162
1. What is an incisional biopsy technique?
Removal of portion of lesion / sample of abnormal t/s for diagnostic purposes
163
1. What is punch biopsy ?
Removal of a cylinder of t/s w a disposable instrument PUNCH
A form of incisional biopsy
164
1. What is an aspiration biopsy technique?
Fine needle cytology for deep soft t/s lesions / aspirations of fluid for microscopes / other exam
165
1. What is cytology biopsy technique?
Obtain sample of cells for microscopic / other examination, often but not exclusively by scraping the lesion surface
166
1. How to handle specimen?
Small piece of blotting paper
In neutral buffered formalin at least 10x of specimen vol
Accurate labelling
167
1. What is cryosurgery?
Freezing t/s → controlled necrosis
168
1. What is diathermy?
Electrical current to destroy t/s, e.g. bipolar, polar diathermy
169
1. What is laser surgery?
Electromagnetic energy & topical amplification → cutting, t/s evaporation, coagulation, protein gene naturation → cell death
170
what causes Pyogenic granuloma
Pregnancy
Poor OH
Gingival irritation & inflammation
clinical presentation - bright red
171
what causes Peripheral giant cell granuloma
Local irritation / trauma
clincial presentation - blue purple
172
what causes fibrous epulis
chronic irritation
clinical presentation - pink
173
1. What is oral erythroplakia?
Red pre-cancerous lesion;
Dx by exclusion; fiery red patch (sharply demarcated) that x be characterised otherwise
174
1. Where is oral erythroplakia commonly found?
Buccal mucosa, palatal mucosa, FOM, soft palate
175
1. What are the causes of oral erythroplakia
Similar to oral leukoplakia
Tobacco chewing / smoking, betel quid chewing +/- tobacco, alcohol; possible link b/w HPV & erythroplakia
176
1. What is the prevalence of oral erythroplakia
Around 0.3% outside hospital
177
1. Why is oral erythroplakia considered as a premalignant lesion
Greater cancer risk than white lesions
Precursor lesions - altered epithelium w/ increased chance of progression to cancer
178
