Oral Hygiene Instruction

Question 1

describe the features of healthy gingiva

Answer 1

pink health stippled gingivae with good tone and absence of bleeding on brushing or probing

Question 2

describe gingivitis

Answer 2

plaque induced inflammation of the gingivae characterised by red, swollen tissues which bleed on brushing or probing

Question 3

what is the definition of plaque induced gingivitis

Answer 3

inflammatory response of the gingival tissues resulting from bacterial plaque accumulation located at and below the gingival margin

Question 4

what are single tuft toothbrushes used for

Answer 4

hygiene in places of permanent prosthetic restorations, around dental implants, in places of furcation and interdental niches

Question 5

what are the different types of electric toothbrushes are there

Answer 5

oscillating rotary
sonic
ultrasonic
ionic

Question 6

what does the head of the manual toothbrush cover

Answer 6

three neighboring teeth

Question 7

how large are adult toothbrush heads

Answer 7

23-30mm adults

Question 8

how large are toothbrush heads in children

Answer 8

18-20mm

Question 9

function of the neck of the toothbrush

Answer 9

allows for easier head maneuvering, can absorb and spread part of the force used by holding hands

Question 10

function of the handle of the toothbrush

Answer 10

comfortable and secure grip with anti slip surface
circular cross section

Question 11

describe the features of the bristles on toothbrush heads

Answer 11

rounded nylon fibres
multitufted
medium soft
small head
replace every 2-3 months

Question 12

how many bristles on a toothbrush

Answer 12

3-4 rows with 10 bunches per row

Question 13

what is the diameter of the bristles on toothbrushes

Answer 13

0.4mm

Question 14

describe the bass technique for toothbrushing

Answer 14

• toothbrush placed under 45 degree angle with bristle tips pointing toward the gingival sulcus
• slight pressure in a way that allows the bristles to enter the gingival sulcus and go slightly below the gumline
• bristles should make short and delicate back and forth movements with minimal displacement of the bushes head
• 20-30 vibrations in one series, around 4-5 series for each tooth group

Question 15

describe fones method

Answer 15

toothbrush positioned perpendicular to teeth with bristles facing the tooth
slight pressure
head of the brush makes round motions cleaning teeth from both dental arches at the same time
five circular motions for each group
palatal and lingual surfaces are cleaned in complete disclusion, one dental arch at a time

Question 16

what is leanards method for tooth brushing

Answer 16

vertical brushing
dangerous to periodontium

Question 17

what is the brushing sequence

Answer 17

start at lingual surface and go from 3 to 4 then do palatal 1 to 2
then buccal 2 to 1 and buccal 4 to 3

Question 18

what is surface cleaning

Answer 18

cleaning each type of surface in each tooth one by one

Question 19

what is the solo method cleaning

Answer 19

clean each of the three surfaces of a single tooth and then move on to the next one

Question 20

how long should each surface be cleaned

Answer 20

minimum 3 seconds

Question 21

how much fluoride in adult toothpaste

Answer 21

1250-1500ppm

Question 22

how much fluoride in childrens toothpaste at 6 months old

Answer 22

1000ppm and a grain of rice on toothbrush

Question 23

how much fluoride on at 3-6 years old

Answer 23

1000-1450ppm, pea

Question 24

how much fluoride in older than 6 years

Answer 24

1450ppm

Question 25

what is the main solid component of toothpaste

Answer 25

abrasive and polishing substances

Question 26

how much of toothpaste is composed of abrasive and polishing substances

Answer 26

25-60%

Question 27

what are some of the abrasive and polishing substances found in toothpaste

Answer 27

- hydrated dicalcium phosphate - silica gel, sodium aluminosilicate - grounded plastics like polystyrene and polyethylacrylate

Question 28

what substance is found in anti tartar control toothpastr

Answer 28

pyrophosphatase

Question 29

what is found in toothpastes targeting hypersensitivity

Answer 29

aminofluorides, potassium and strontium salts

Question 30

what is found in toothpastes treating caries prophylaxis

Answer 30

fluoride compounds aminofluorides sodium fluoride

Question 31

what is found in bactericidal and bacteriostatic fluoride

Answer 31

stannuous fluoride and triclosan

Question 32

what is found in bleaching toothpaste

Answer 32

carbamide and hydrogen peroxide

Question 33

how long should a piece of floss be

Answer 33

30-50mm

Question 34

how long should the floss being used at any one time on a tooth be

Answer 34

4mm

Question 35

how thick are orange interdental brushes

Answer 35

0.45mm

Question 36

how thick are red interdental brushs

Answer 36

0.5mm

Question 37

how thick are blue interdental brushes

Answer 37

0.6mm

Question 38

how thick are yellow interdental brushes

Answer 38

0.7mm

Question 39

how thick are green interdental brushes

Answer 39

0.8mm

Question 40

how thick are purple interdental brushes

Answer 40

1.1mm

Question 41

how do oral rinses work

Answer 41

they reduce microbial adhesion to the teeth by modification of the tooth surface or impaired expression of surface adhesins

Question 42

what are the cationic forms of oral rinses

Answer 42

chlorhexidine zinc ions cetylpyridinium chloride

Question 43

what is found in anionic oral rinses

Answer 43

sodium dodecyl sulfate

Question 44

what is a non ionic agent found in oral rinses

Answer 44

triclosan

Question 45

what is in eludril and corsodyl

Answer 45

chlorhexidine

Question 46

what is chlorhexidine

Answer 46

the most effective antiplaque agent with hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

Question 47

which type of molecules is chlorhexidine more effective at fighting against

Answer 47

gram positive organisms

Question 48

how does chlorhexidine work

Answer 48

it binds through electrostatic forces to phosphate, carboxyl, sulphate groups on the oral mucosa, on bacteria and in the pellicle interferes with the normal membrane function of the bacteria causing leakage of cell constituents and precipitation of cell contents it reduces the metabolic activity of the dental plaque and inhibits enzmes that are essential for microbial accumulation on the tooth surface

Question 49

what are the side effects of chlorhexidine

Answer 49

discolouration of the teeth changing of taste

Question 50

what is fluoride prophylaxis

Answer 50

this is the mechanism of the action of fluoride in protecting the teeth

Question 51

describe the mechanism of action of fluoride

Answer 51

- replacement of hydroxyapatites by fluoroapatites - less soluble and more acid resistant - inhibits bacterial adhesion to tooth tissues by inhibiting glycotransferase, an enzyme that converts glucose into a polysaccharide needed for adhesion - in high concentration, it is directly toxic to bacteria and inhibits metabolism

Question 52

list all the functions of fluoride prophylaxis

Answer 52

- bacteriacidal and bacteriostatic - strengthens the structure of the enamel by forming fluoroapatite - obliterates dentinal tubules to fight against hypersenstivity - inhibit the deposition of dental plaque through amine fluorides

Question 53

what are the systemic modes of fluoride administration

Answer 53

- water fluoridation - milk - salt - dietary fluoride supplements

Question 54

what are the topical modes of fluoride transmission

Answer 54

- solution - varnish - foam - gels - dentifrices - fluoride rinses - fluoride releasing pit and fissure sealant