clinical pharmacology and drug action bds2

Question 1

what is a drug

Answer 1

a chemical substance other than food that when administered to a living organism produces a biological effect on the structure or function of the body

Question 2

what are medicinal drugs

Answer 2

substances intended for the use of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease

Question 3

what are non medicinal drugs also referred to as

Answer 3

recreational

Question 4

what are non medicinal drugs

Answer 4

illegal substances such as cannabis, heroin and cocaine, as well as legal substances such as caffeine, nicotine and alcohol

Question 5

what are the three classifications for drug effects

Answer 5

therapeutic
side
adverse

Question 6

what is included under the therapeutic effects of drugs

Answer 6

intended/desired outcomes of drug administration
seen as beneficial

Question 7

what are the features of drug side effects

Answer 7

these are unintended effects that are known and predictable
they are usually harmful or negative but can occasionally be beneficial
they do not hinder the primary effect of the drug

Question 8

what are the features of adverse drug effects

Answer 8

these are undesirable and unpredictable
usually more severe and harmful compared to side effects and can hinder the treatment or cause complications

Question 9

what are the main drug types used in dentistry

Answer 9

local anaesthetics
antimicrobials
anxiolytics
analgesics

Question 10

brief description of LA in dentistry

Answer 10

lidocaine and articaine
used for pain prevention during procedures

Question 11

brief description of antimicrobials in dentistry

Answer 11

treat and prevent infections
eg penicillin and fluconazole

Question 12

brief description of anxiolytics in dentistry

Answer 12

reduce anxiety
diazepam and midazolam

Question 13

describe analgesics in dentistry

Answer 13

paracetamol and ibuprofen, reduces post operative pain

Question 14

what is pharmacodynamics

Answer 14

the effects of the drug on the body and mechanism of action
basically looking at what the drug does to the body

Question 15

what is pharmacokinetics

Answer 15

term to describe the four stages of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs
basically looking at what the body does to the drug

Question 16

what are the four stages to pharmacokinetics

Answer 16

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

Question 17

what can drugs do

Answer 17

• simulate normal body communications
• interrupt normal body communications
• act on non host organisms to aid body defences

Question 18

what are the two methods of host communication

Answer 18

hormone messages which deliver general information to all tissues
neural messages which deliver targeted information to specific tissues

Question 19

effect of thyroid hormone

Answer 19

regulate metabolism and growth

Question 20

effect of insulin and glucagon

Answer 20

regulate blood sugar levels

Question 21

effect of adrenal gland hormones

Answer 21

regulate stress response, blood pressure, immune system and other essential functions

Question 22

effect of sex hormones

Answer 22

puberty, pregnancy, menstruation, sperm production, sex drive

Question 23

why can high doses of one hormone mimic the effects of another

Answer 23

because the structure of different hormones can be very similar

Question 24

effects of hyperthyroidism

Answer 24

rapid metabolism
high pulse rate
sweating and heat intolerance
anxiety and agitation
weight loss

Question 25

effects of hypothyroidism

Answer 25

cold intolerance coarse skin memory loss slow pulse low metabolism

Question 26

do drugs treating hypo/hyperthyroidism affect the thyroid gland

Answer 26

no

Question 27

function of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 27

regulate involuntary body processes eg heart rate, digestion and breathing

Question 28

what are the two components of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 28

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 29

how does the sympathetic nervous system control heart rate

Answer 29

adrenergic stimulation to speed up the heart via beta adrenergic receptors

Question 30

how does the parasympathetic nervous system control heart rate

Answer 30

slows the heart via cholinergic receptors

Question 31

what are autonomic drugs

Answer 31

drugs that enhance or inhibit the function of the parasympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

Question 32

what are some examples of autonomic drugs

Answer 32

adrenaline atenolol pilocarpine atropine

Question 33

which autonomic drug is a beta agonist

Answer 33

adrenaline

Question 34

which autonomic drug is a beta blocker

Answer 34

atenolol

Question 35

which autonomic drug is a cholingeric agonist

Answer 35

pilocarpine

Question 36

which autonomic drug is a cholinergic blocker

Answer 36

atropine

Question 37

topical administration

Answer 37

drug applied to the tissue where it acts

Question 38

drug applied to the whole organism

Answer 38

systemic administration

Question 39

drug administered by injection

Answer 39

parenteral administration

Question 40

drug applied to skin for absorption

Answer 40

transdermal administration

Question 41

drug injected into the tissues of the skin

Answer 41

subcutaneous administration

Question 42

drug injected into muscle

Answer 42

intramuscular administration

Question 43

drug injected into vein

Answer 43

intravenous administration

Question 44

drug applied to the mucosa for adsorption

Answer 44

transmucosal administration

Question 45

what are the four main modes of action of drugs

Answer 45

activation or blocking of receptors activating or blocking enzyme function opening or blocking ion channels facilitation or blocking transport systems

Question 46

what can receptors be coupled to

Answer 46

ion channels g proteins enzymes gene transcription

Question 47

describe the interaction between receptors and ion channels

Answer 47

agonist stimulates the receptor G protein interacts directly with and changes the open probability of the ion channel

Question 48

describe the relationship between receptors and enzymes

Answer 48

agonist stimulates the receptor and the G protein activates or inhibits the enzyme that gives rise to second messengers

Question 49

what is efficacy

Answer 49

how effective the drug is at producing a response from the receptor

Question 50

how is drug efficacy determined

Answer 50

affinity and occupancy

Question 51

what is drug affinity

Answer 51

how avidly the drug binds to the receptor

Question 52

what is drug occupancy

Answer 52

how much time the drug spends on the receptor

Question 53

what is the measure of drug affinity

Answer 53

Kd (dissociation constant)

Question 54

describe Kd values in relation to affinity

Answer 54

low dissociation constant value means there is a high number of receptors occupied at a low drug concentration meaning there is high affinity high dissociation constant shows that drugs and receptors are more weakly attracted to each other as there are less receptors occupied at the same drug concentration inversely proportional values (low Kd means high affinity)

Question 55

what is an agonist

Answer 55

a drug that binds to the receptors and initiates the same action that would be produced by the substance be it a hormone or a neurotransmitter which would normally bind to the receptor

Question 56

what is a partial agonsit

Answer 56

this binds to the receptor but only partially to activate the receptor. there is less efficacy in comparison to an agonist meaning it produces less than the maximal effect increased partial agonist concentration will improve efficacy for some but not for others

Question 57

what is the difference between agonists and partial agonists

Answer 57

if the drug is an agonist, it binds to the receptor and causes 100% effect. if it is partial, it binds but only partially activates it, so the signal is less than 100%

Question 58

what is an antagonist

Answer 58

drug that binds to but does not activate the receptor, therefore blocking the response

Question 59

describe competitive antagonists

Answer 59

these bind to the same site on the receptor as an agonist therefore blocking the agonists action

Question 60

describe non competitive antagonists

Answer 60

bind to a different site on the receptor from the agonist, called an allosteric site, which prevents activation of the receptor

Question 61

describe reversible antagonists

Answer 61

these bind non covalently and can be displaced. antagonist effects can be reduced by increases the concentration of the agonist such as atenolol

Question 62

describe irreversible antagonists

Answer 62

these bind to tightly to the receptor that it cannot be displaced, therefore this reduces the available receptors for the agonist. the antagnostic effect is insurmountable at any concentration of the agonist

Question 63

how can drugs change enzyme action

Answer 63

by inhibition. the competitive substrate antagonism means the drug competes with the substrate to bind to the enzyme non competitive substrate inhibition means the drug binds to different sites from the substrate, causing a conformational change in enzyme structure which in turn prevents substrate interaction

Question 64

how can the ion channels be affected

Answer 64

cell electrical activity or ion influx

Question 65

which two factors affect drug efficacy

Answer 65

occupancy and affinity