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Clinical > clinical pharmacology and drug action bds2 > Flashcards

clinical pharmacology and drug action bds2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a drug

A

a chemical substance other than food that when administered to a living organism produces a biological effect on the structure or function of the body

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2
Q

what are medicinal drugs

A

substances intended for the use of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease

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3
Q

what are non medicinal drugs also referred to as

A

recreational

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4
Q

what are non medicinal drugs

A

illegal substances such as cannabis, heroin and cocaine, as well as legal substances such as caffeine, nicotine and alcohol

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5
Q

what are the three classifications for drug effects

A

therapeutic
side
adverse

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6
Q

what is included under the therapeutic effects of drugs

A

intended/desired outcomes of drug administration
seen as beneficial

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7
Q

what are the features of drug side effects

A

these are unintended effects that are known and predictable
they are usually harmful or negative but can occasionally be beneficial
they do not hinder the primary effect of the drug

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8
Q

what are the features of adverse drug effects

A

these are undesirable and unpredictable
usually more severe and harmful compared to side effects and can hinder the treatment or cause complications

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9
Q

what are the main drug types used in dentistry

A

local anaesthetics
antimicrobials
anxiolytics
analgesics

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10
Q

brief description of LA in dentistry

A

lidocaine and articaine
used for pain prevention during procedures

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11
Q

brief description of antimicrobials in dentistry

A

treat and prevent infections
eg penicillin and fluconazole

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12
Q

brief description of anxiolytics in dentistry

A

reduce anxiety
diazepam and midazolam

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13
Q

describe analgesics in dentistry

A

paracetamol and ibuprofen, reduces post operative pain

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14
Q

what is pharmacodynamics

A

the effects of the drug on the body and mechanism of action
basically looking at what the drug does to the body

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15
Q

what is pharmacokinetics

A

term to describe the four stages of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs
basically looking at what the body does to the drug

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16
Q

what are the four stages to pharmacokinetics

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

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17
Q

what can drugs do

A
  • simulate normal body communications
  • interrupt normal body communications
  • act on non host organisms to aid body defences
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18
Q

what are the two methods of host communication

A

hormone messages which deliver general information to all tissues
neural messages which deliver targeted information to specific tissues

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19
Q

effect of thyroid hormone

A

regulate metabolism and growth

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20
Q

effect of insulin and glucagon

A

regulate blood sugar levels

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21
Q

effect of adrenal gland hormones

A

regulate stress response, blood pressure, immune system and other essential functions

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22
Q

effect of sex hormones

A

puberty, pregnancy, menstruation, sperm production, sex drive

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23
Q

why can high doses of one hormone mimic the effects of another

A

because the structure of different hormones can be very similar

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24
Q

effects of hyperthyroidism

A

rapid metabolism
high pulse rate
sweating and heat intolerance
anxiety and agitation
weight loss

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25
Q

effects of hypothyroidism

A

cold intolerance
coarse skin
memory loss
slow pulse
low metabolism

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26
Q

do drugs treating hypo/hyperthyroidism affect the thyroid gland

A

no

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27
Q

function of the autonomic nervous system

A

regulate involuntary body processes eg heart rate, digestion and breathing

28
Q

what are the two components of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

29
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system control heart rate

A

adrenergic stimulation to speed up the heart via beta adrenergic receptors

30
Q

how does the parasympathetic nervous system control heart rate

A

slows the heart via cholinergic receptors

31
Q

what are autonomic drugs

A

drugs that enhance or inhibit the function of the parasympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

32
Q

what are some examples of autonomic drugs

A

adrenaline
atenolol
pilocarpine
atropine

33
Q

which autonomic drug is a beta agonist

A

adrenaline

34
Q

which autonomic drug is a beta blocker

A

atenolol

35
Q

which autonomic drug is a cholingeric agonist

A

pilocarpine

36
Q

which autonomic drug is a cholinergic blocker

A

atropine

37
Q

topical administration

A

drug applied to the tissue where it acts

38
Q

drug applied to the whole organism

A

systemic administration

39
Q

drug administered by injection

A

parenteral administration

40
Q

drug applied to skin for absorption

A

transdermal administration

41
Q

drug injected into the tissues of the skin

A

subcutaneous administration

42
Q

drug injected into muscle

A

intramuscular administration

43
Q

drug injected into vein

A

intravenous administration

44
Q

drug applied to the mucosa for adsorption

A

transmucosal administration

45
Q

what are the four main modes of action of drugs

A

activation or blocking of receptors
activating or blocking enzyme function
opening or blocking ion channels
facilitation or blocking transport systems

46
Q

what can receptors be coupled to

A

ion channels
g proteins
enzymes
gene transcription

47
Q

describe the interaction between receptors and ion channels

A

agonist stimulates the receptor
G protein interacts directly with and changes the open probability of the ion channel

48
Q

describe the relationship between receptors and enzymes

A

agonist stimulates the receptor and the G protein activates or inhibits the enzyme that gives rise to second messengers

49
Q

what is efficacy

A

how effective the drug is at producing a response from the receptor

50
Q

how is drug efficacy determined

A

affinity and occupancy

51
Q

what is drug affinity

A

how avidly the drug binds to the receptor

52
Q

what is drug occupancy

A

how much time the drug spends on the receptor

53
Q

what is the measure of drug affinity

A

Kd (dissociation constant)

54
Q

describe Kd values in relation to affinity

A

low dissociation constant value means there is a high number of receptors occupied at a low drug concentration meaning there is high affinity

high dissociation constant shows that drugs and receptors are more weakly attracted to each other as there are less receptors occupied at the same drug concentration

inversely proportional values (low Kd means high affinity)

55
Q

what is an agonist

A

a drug that binds to the receptors and initiates the same action that would be produced by the substance be it a hormone or a neurotransmitter which would normally bind to the receptor

56
Q

what is a partial agonsit

A

this binds to the receptor but only partially to activate the receptor. there is less efficacy in comparison to an agonist meaning it produces less than the maximal effect

increased partial agonist concentration will improve efficacy for some but not for others

57
Q

what is the difference between agonists and partial agonists

A

if the drug is an agonist, it binds to the receptor and causes 100% effect. if it is partial, it binds but only partially activates it, so the signal is less than 100%

58
Q

what is an antagonist

A

drug that binds to but does not activate the receptor, therefore blocking the response

59
Q

describe competitive antagonists

A

these bind to the same site on the receptor as an agonist therefore blocking the agonists action

60
Q

describe non competitive antagonists

A

bind to a different site on the receptor from the agonist, called an allosteric site, which prevents activation of the receptor

61
Q

describe reversible antagonists

A

these bind non covalently and can be displaced.
antagonist effects can be reduced by increases the concentration of the agonist such as atenolol

62
Q

describe irreversible antagonists

A

these bind to tightly to the receptor that it cannot be displaced, therefore this reduces the available receptors for the agonist.

the antagnostic effect is insurmountable at any concentration of the agonist

63
Q

how can drugs change enzyme action

A

by inhibition. the competitive substrate antagonism means the drug competes with the substrate to bind to the enzyme

non competitive substrate inhibition means the drug binds to different sites from the substrate, causing a conformational change in enzyme structure which in turn prevents substrate interaction

64
Q

how can the ion channels be affected

A

cell electrical activity or ion influx

65
Q

which two factors affect drug efficacy

A

occupancy and affinity

Clinical (27 decks)

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