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Ergogenic Aids > Oral Exam > Flashcards

Oral Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Ursolic Acid

A
  1. terpenoid
  2. decreases white adipose tissue, increases brown adipose tissue, mTOR, muscle strength and IGF-1
  3. small studies, no meta-analysis
  4. some studies show increases to metabolism & possibly beneficial in protein synthesis. some studies show no significants
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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2
Q

Ecdysterone

A
  1. terpenoid
  2. anabolic increase from inhibition of androgen receptors
  3. no meta-analysis, more small studies performed on animals than humans
  4. animal studies = significant improvement in strength and protein synthesis; human studies less significant
  5. legal
  6. 2023 monitoring program for WADA, not banned by NCAA
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3
Q

Caffeine

A
  1. alkaloid, weight-loss and endurance aid
  2. increases fat oxidation, decreases fatigue through adenosine receptors
  3. meta-analyses for anaerobic and aerobic exercise
  4. improves performance for anaerobic and aerobic exercise
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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4
Q

Capsaicin

A
  1. alkaloid
  2. anti-inflammatory, decreases total amount of circulating cytokines
  3. few studies on humans
  4. potentially effective, but needs more research
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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5
Q

Sulforaphane

A
  1. organosulfur compound
  2. advertised as beneficial to muscle growth due to research showing suppression of myostatin with in-vitro muscle cells exposed to it
  3. cell studies and human studies
  4. not effective in humans, only in cell studies
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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6
Q

Resveratrol

A
  1. stilbenes phenolic compound
  2. increase in insulin sensitivity, improvement in body comp, mitochondrial biogenesis and increased muscle strength
  3. meta-analysis for all potential benefits besides exercise performance
  4. modest reductions in BP, significant changes in body comp, glucose metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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7
Q

Curcumin

A
  1. curcuminoid phenolic compound
  2. anti-inflammatory properties, used as method of reducing fatigue and post-workout muscle soreness
  3. meta-analysis on creatine kinase serum levels and perceived feeling of muscle soreness; several studies on gut bacteria impact
  4. significant for reducing muscle soreness
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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8
Q

Quercetin

A
  1. flavonoid phenolic compound
  2. anti-cancer, increase mitochondria, decrease fatigue
  3. meta-analyses
  4. performance improvement was minimal, mitochondria results inconclusive, review showed it did decrease fatigue
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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9
Q

Caralluma Fimbriata Extract

A
  1. appetite suppressant weight-loss supplement
  2. increased release of orexin and increase lipolysis
  3. few small human trials
  4. not effective, no major side effects
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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10
Q

Fucoxanthin

A
  1. appetite suppressant weight-loss supplement
  2. altering leptin activity to increase satiety
  3. few small human trials
  4. clinically significant
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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11
Q

Rimonabant

A
  1. appetite suppressant weight-loss supplement
  2. selective CB1 receptor blocker decreases appetite
  3. multiple meta-analyses because it was previously prescription med
  4. clinically significant; severe mood changes as side effect
  5. not legal
  6. not a banned substance
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12
Q

Hoodie Gordonii

A
  1. appetite suppressant weight-loss supplement
  2. appetite suppressant
  3. no meta-analysis or substantial human trials
  4. not effective, possible cardiovascular side effects
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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13
Q

Orlistat

A
  1. decreased absorption of lipids weight-loss supplement
  2. blocks lipase orally and in GI
  3. meta-analysis
  4. clinically effective, severe GI side effects
  5. not legal
  6. not a banned substance
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14
Q

White Bean Extract (Phase 2)

A
  1. decreased absorption of carbs weight-loss supplement
  2. blocks amylase function
  3. meta-analysis
  4. clinically effective, no side effects
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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15
Q

Chitosan

A
  1. decreased absorption of lipids weight-loss supplement
  2. soluble fiber blocks absorption of lipids
  3. meta-analysis
  4. clinically effective, no side effects
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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16
Q

Green Tea Extract

A
  1. decreased absorption of lipids weight-loss supplement
  2. tea tannins decrease absorption of lipids
  3. meta-analysis
  4. clinically effective, few cases of liver toxicity
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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17
Q

Glucomanan

A
  1. decreased absorption of lipids weight-loss supplement
  2. soluble fiber blocks absorption of lipids (less effective chitosan)
  3. meta-analysis
  4. clinically effective, minimal bloating side effects
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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18
Q

Chromium

A
  1. increased BMR weight-loss supplement
  2. improves activity of insulin receptor for increased lypolysis and increased glucose metabolism
  3. meta-analysis
  4. clinically effective in chromium deficient population only
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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19
Q

Cayenne Pepper Extract

A
  1. increased BMR weight-loss supplement
  2. increased lipolysis and increased glucose metabolism
  3. meta-analysis
  4. small significant BMR increase, not weight loss; flushing and heart burn side effects
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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20
Q

Grains of Paradise Seed

A
  1. increased BMR weight-loss supplement
  2. active ingredient 6-paradol causes increased lipolysis
  3. one meta-analysis
  4. significant for BMR and visceral fat
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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21
Q

Green Coffee Bean Extract

A
  1. increased BMR weight-loss supplement
  2. proposed improvement of glucose metabolism
  3. meta-analyses
  4. clinically significant small amount of weight loss; side effects similar to caffeine
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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22
Q

Raspberry Ketones

A
  1. increased BMR weight-loss supplement
  2. increase BMR; proposed improve lipolysis
  3. no significant human studies
  4. no
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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23
Q

Garcinia Cambogia

A
  1. increased BMR weight-loss supplement
  2. hydroxycitric acid increase in lipid metabolism
  3. meta-analyses
  4. yes, side effects include potential hepatic failure, mania, hepatitis
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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24
Q

Conjugated Linoleic Acid

A
  1. increased BMR weight-loss supplement
  2. improved lipolysis
  3. meta-analyses
  4. yes, no side effects
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
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25
Q

Ephedra

A
  1. increased BMR weight-loss supplement
  2. increased BMR
  3. meta-analyses
  4. small benefit for weight loss; potential side effects include tremors, psychosis and cardiac issues
  5. not legal - banned in 2004
  6. banned substance
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26
Q

Synephrine

A
  1. increased BMR weight-loss supplement
  2. increased BMR
  3. meta-analyses, but many were with caffeine
  4. modest improvement in weight loss, stimulant-related side effects
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
27
Q

Sibutramine

A
  1. increased BMR weight-loss supplement
  2. increased BMR
  3. large-scale meta-analyses
  4. significant weight loss, significant cardiovascular side effects
  5. not legal - taken off market as a pharmaceutical drug in 2010
  6. not a banned substance
28
Q

DMAA (Methylhaxanamine)

A
  1. increased BMR weight-loss supplement
  2. increased BMR
  3. no
  4. unknown, many stimulant-related side effects
  5. not legal
  6. banned substance
29
Q

DMHA (Octodrine)

A
  1. increased BMR weight-loss supplement
  2. increased BMR
  3. no
  4. unknown, many stimulant-related side effects
  5. not legal
  6. banned substance
30
Q

Fenproporex

A
  1. increased BMR weight-loss supplement
  2. increased BMR
  3. no
  4. unknown, many stimulant-related side effects
  5. not legal
  6. banned substance
31
Q

Oxandrolone (Anavar)

A
  1. anabolic oral steroid
  2. attach to androgen receptors - increase mTor, decrease myostatin and protein degredation
  3. researched, but not since 1988
  4. effectiveness in gaining muscle
  5. not legal
  6. banned substance
32
Q

Metandienone (Dianabol)

A
  1. anabolic oral steroid
  2. attach to androgen receptors - increase mTor, decrease myostatin and protein degredation
  3. researched, but not since 1988
  4. effectiveness in gaining muscle
  5. not legal
  6. banned substance
33
Q

Nandrolone (Deca Durabolin)

A
  1. anabolic injectable steroid
  2. attach to androgen receptors - increase mTor, decrease myostatin and protein degradation
  3. researched, but not since 1988
  4. effectiveness in gaining muscle
  5. not legal
  6. banned substance
34
Q

Trenbolone (Finajet)

A
  1. anabolic injectable steroid
  2. attach to androgen receptors - increase mTor, decrease myostatin and protein degredation
  3. researched, but not since 1988
  4. effectiveness in gaining muscle
  5. not legal
  6. banned substance
35
Q

Stanozolol (Winstrol)

A
  1. anabolic oral or injectable steroid
  2. attach to androgen receptors - increase mTor, decrease myostatin and protein degradation
  3. researched, but not since 1988
  4. effectiveness in gaining muscle
  5. not legal
  6. banned substance
36
Q

Ostraine (MK-2866)

A
  1. anabolic SARM
  2. attach to androgen receptors in muscle and bone only - increase mTor, decrease myostatin and protein degradation
  3. researched for older individuals, not in performance
  4. effective in increasing muscle mass in older individuals
  5. not legal
  6. banned substance
37
Q

Ligandrol (LGD-4033)

A
  1. anabolic SARM
  2. attach to androgen receptors in muscle and bone only - increase mTor, decrease myostatin and protein degradation
  3. researched for older individuals, not in performance
  4. effective in increasing muscle mass in older individuals
  5. not legal
  6. banned substance
38
Q

Creatine Monohydrate

A
  1. anabolic amino-acid derivative
  2. activation of IGF-1 stimulated mTOR increase, proposed increase in satellite cells
  3. meta-analysis
  4. clinically effective, minimal bloating side effects
  5. legal
  6. not banned substance
39
Q

Whey Protein

A
  1. anabolic amino-acid derivative
  2. activation of mTOR predominantly through the leucine pathway
  3. meta-analysis, generally not compared to other protein sources
  4. clinically effective compared to control, minimal side effects
  5. legal
  6. not banned substance
40
Q

Leucine

A
  1. anabolic amino-acid derivative
  2. activation of mTOR through the leucine pathway
  3. meta-analysis
  4. clinically effective, minimal side effects
  5. legal
  6. not banned substance
41
Q

HMB

A
  1. anabolic amino-acid derivative
  2. activation of mTOR through the leucine pathway
  3. meta-analysis
  4. clinically effective, minimal side effects
  5. legal
  6. not banned substance
42
Q

Fortetropin

A
  1. anabolic myostatin-inhibitor
  2. inhibition of myostatin, which increases mTOR and satellite cells
  3. 3 human studies
  4. clinically effective, minimal side effects
  5. legal
  6. not banned substance
43
Q

Phosphatidic Acid

A
  1. anabolic mTOR activator
  2. direct stimulation of mTOR through the phosphatidic acid
  3. extremely limited meta-analysis
  4. not effective, minimal side effects
  5. legal
  6. not banned substance
44
Q

Glutamine

A
  1. anabolic amino-acid derivative
  2. decrease FOXO pathway or protein degradation
  3. meta-analysis
  4. no, but seemed effective for weight loss, minimal side effects
  5. legal
  6. not banned substance
45
Q

Betaine

A
  1. anabolic amino-acid derivative
  2. increase mTOR, decrease FOXO pathway
  3. extremely limited meta-analysis
  4. not effective, minimal side effects
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
46
Q

Boron

A
  1. anabolic trace mineral
  2. increase amount of free testosterone, causing anabolic effects through androgen receptors
  3. only 3 human studies
  4. effective in increasing testosterone, bout could be related to boron deficiencies
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
47
Q

ZMA

A
  1. anabolic trace mineral
  2. zinc increases testosterone level, causing anabolic effects
  3. 5 studies, no meta-analysis
  4. not effective, minimal side effects
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
48
Q

Laxogenin

A
  1. anabolic synthetic plant steroid
  2. attach to androgen receptors - increase mTOR, decrease myostatin and protein degradation
  3. 1 in-vitro study
  4. not effective, side effects unknown
  5. not legal
  6. banned substance
49
Q

Blood Doping

A
  1. endurance red blood cell enhancer
  2. increasing RBC to allow for higher oxygen carrying capacity and higher VO2
  3. yes, not researched for performance since before 1986
  4. effective, side effects related to increasing blood viscosity
  5. not a supplement
  6. banned procedure
50
Q

HIF Agents

A
  1. endurance red blood cell enhancer
  2. increasing reaction to low oxygen to induce creation of RBC
  3. no studies
  4. unknown effectiveness
  5. not legal
  6. banned substance
51
Q

GATA Inhibitors

A
  1. endurance red blood cell enhancer
  2. increasing reaction to low oxygen to induce creation of RBC
  3. no studies
  4. unknown effectiveness
  5. not legal
  6. banned substance
52
Q

GW1516

A
  1. endurance PPAR-D activator
  2. increasing PGC-1 alpha, which increases mitochondria and capillary density
  3. animal studies, which were stopped
  4. very effective in animals, but massive side effects including tumors
  5. not legal
  6. banned substance
53
Q

AICAR

A
  1. endurance AMPK activator
  2. increasing PGC-1 alpha, which increases mitochondria and capillary density
  3. clinical trials, but not for performance
  4. effective for improving glucose sensitivity and improving fat usage, unknown side effects
  5. not legal
  6. banned substance
54
Q

Clenbuterol

A
  1. endurance Beta-2 agonist; anabolic for WADA
  2. increasing bronchodilation, is a sympathomimetic amine
  3. animal studies only
  4. not effective in endurance, but increasing muscle mass and potentially changing fiber type
  5. not legal
  6. banned substance
55
Q

Sodium Bicarbonate

A
  1. endurance buffering agent
  2. increasing ability to buffer hydrogen ions when at high intensities
  3. meta-analysis
  4. effective, side effects related to GI distress
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
56
Q

Rhodiolo Rosea

A
  1. endurance phytochemical extract
  2. improve sub-maximal substrate utilization and decreases oxidative damage
  3. meta-analysis, but review was very limited
  4. effective for reducing oxidative stress and improving RPE
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
57
Q

Cordyceps Sinesis

A
  1. endurance fungus
  2. increasing PGC-1 alpha, which increases mitochondria and capillary density
  3. 2 human studies
  4. effective in increasing lactate threshold
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
58
Q

Terminalia Argjuna

A
  1. endurance phytochemical extract
  2. improves vasodilation and sub-maximal substrate utilization
  3. researched for angina, not performance
  4. not effective, no known side effects
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
59
Q

Panax Ginseng

A
  1. endurance phytochemical extract
  2. increased nitric oxide production
  3. meta-analysis, but extremely limited review
  4. small improvement in time to fatigue
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
60
Q

Siberian Ginseng

A
  1. endurance phytochemical extract
  2. improved oxidative phosphorylation relating in spared glycogen
  3. meta-analysis, but extremely limited review
  4. not effective, no known side effects
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
61
Q

Beet Root Extract

A
  1. endurance phytochemical extract
  2. increased nitric oxide production for vasodilation
  3. meta-analysis specifically on nitrates
  4. effective, time to fatigue improved
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
62
Q

CoEnzyme Q10

A
  1. endurance aid
  2. increased oxidative phosphorylation
  3. meta-analysis
  4. not effective, no known side effects
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance
63
Q

Citrulline Malate

A
  1. endurance amino acid derivative
  2. increased nitric oxide production and increased ammonia clearance
  3. meta-analysis, but extremely limited review
  4. not effective, no known side effects
  5. legal
  6. not a banned substance

Ergogenic Aids (4 decks)

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