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ELS > ORAL EXAM > Flashcards

ORAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Is guessing considered science?

A

Yes, partly. guessing is considered scientific if it’s only followed by an experimentation.

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2
Q

Is science considered guessing?

A

No, science is not considered guessing alone, we have other factors that we need to consider such as scientific method.

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3
Q

In science, propositions are verifiable. Why?

A

No concept in Science is absolutely true, it can be verified (confirmed) by succeeding experimentation. It means that not because it was stated by a scientist doesn’t mean it’s absolutely true or when you conduct experiments.

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4
Q

In Science, propositions are falsifiable. Why?

A

its still scientific, it’s just that previous scientists made certain errors. it’s just that it’s falsified because their theory is now corrected by current scientists.

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5
Q

give an example of falsified theory and is now corrected by current scientists.

A

aristotle think heavier objects fall faster—he provided evidences but there are limiting patterns and there are things he did not know about (air friction is the one that actually affects the objects because of the surface area)

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6
Q

Biology is the study of ________

A

life and living organisms

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7
Q

How did life begin?

A

Divine Creation and Philippine Mythology: Malakas at Maganda

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8
Q

What does Divine Creation mean?

A

all living organisms are created by an entity — God

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. divine creation is not proven but testified by the book of Exodus. If FALSE, whats the correct book?

A

The book of Genesis

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10
Q

What is the mythology ‘Malakas and Maganda’ all about?

A

a specific bird struck the bamboo stem and Malakas and Maganda came out.

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11
Q

Abiogenesis is also called ________________.

A

Spontaneous generation

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12
Q

Define Spontaneous generation

A

This tells that life exists from non living or inanimate objects. This idea focuses on that living things come from nonliving things.

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13
Q

How many years did people believed abiogenesis?

A

2000 years

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14
Q

Define Biogenesis.

A

It is the development of life from pre existing life.

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15
Q

The Fight of the Century which should be RATHER called as The Fight of __________

A

Millennia

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16
Q

Who are the scientists who verified abiogenesis?

A

Aristotle
Jan Baptist Van Helmont
John Needham

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17
Q

Who are the scientists who verified biogenesis?

A

Francesco Redi
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Louis Pasteur

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18
Q

What BC did Aristotle existed?

A

300 BC

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19
Q

He is the first person who documented and confirmed that life came from non-living things.

A

Aristotle

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20
Q

Slime =
Sand =
Hollow of Rocks =

A

Oysters, Scallops, Limpets/Barnacles

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21
Q

He said that “life arose from nonliving material if the material contained pneuma”

A

Aristotle

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22
Q

Pneuma means ________?

A

Heat

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23
Q

What year did Jan Baptist Van Helmont did he conducted his experiment?

A

1634

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24
Q

What plant did Jan planted?

A

willow twig

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25
Q

“Although I thought that the plant’s growth comes from the soil, I realized that the plant’s growth comes from the ______.”

A

Water

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26
Q

Helmont wasn’t aware about the process of ___________ during this time but he kind of tried to triggered the idea of ______________

A

Photosynthesis

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27
Q

What year did John Needham conducted his experiment?

A

1745

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28
Q

broth heated > __________ > wait > microbial growth

A

flask open

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29
Q

“New ________ must have arisen spontaneously.”

A

microbes

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30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Francesco Redi conducted his experiment in the year 1668.

A

True

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31
Q

He was born to be ready

A

Francesco Redi

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32
Q

How did Redi conducted his experiment?

A

Redi conducted, open container, cork-sealed container, gauze-covered container.

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33
Q

The only reason why maggots appear is because they have _______________ with the meat.

A

direct and physical contact

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34
Q

“Maggots could only form when flies were allowed to lay eggs in the meat, and that the maggots were the offspring of files, not the product of spontaneous generation,” Did Redi verified or falsified?

A

He falsified

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35
Q

He is known as an “imitator” as he did almost the same experiment as John Needham.

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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36
Q

What year did Spallanzani conducted experimentation?

A

1768

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37
Q

broth heated > flask sealed > wait > _______

A

no growth

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38
Q

“Heated but sealed flasks remained clear, without any signs of spontaneous growth, unless the flasks were subsequently opened to the air. This suggested that microbes introduced these flasks from the air,” Did Lazzaro verified?

A

No, he falsified.

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39
Q

He is known as someone who preserves wines in Europe.

A

Louis Pasteur

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40
Q

What year did Louis Pasteur conducted his experiment?

A

1858

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41
Q

How many setups did Pasteur did?

A

2 setups

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42
Q

What did Pasteur did in the 1st setup?

A

He made sure that it’s open but he also made it difficult for the microorganisms outside to get in, that’s why he made a swan flask–so the wind won’t thoroughly get inside the flask.

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43
Q

In the 2nd setup?

A

he tried to break the neck of the swan flask, he found out that the bacteria reached the sterile broth which clearly gives him the idea that people who antagonized Aristotle’s idea are correct.

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44
Q

Name the 3 Evidences of Origin of Life

A
  1. Geologic evidences
  2. Chemical evidences
  3. Molecular evidences
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45
Q

first organism and “earliest fossils that we had”

A

Stromatolites

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46
Q

according to scientists and paleontologists, stromatolites existed during at the last stage of _________ and early stage of ________

A

Hadean Era, Archean Era

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47
Q

Stromatolites produces oxygen because they are __________?

A

photosynthetic

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48
Q

Are organic materials present in the Hadean Era?

A

No, there was none.

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49
Q

Inorganic and organic molecules that existed during the Hadean time:

A
  1. Nitrogen
  2. Ammonia
  3. Methane
  4. Carbon dioxide
  5. Water
  6. Hydrogen Gas
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50
Q

Is there an interaction of inorganic and organic molecules such as water and nitrogen? If yes, elaborate.

A

Yes, there was an interaction because of the tremendous energy source which is lightning.

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51
Q

The idea of Primordial Soup is made by ___________.

A

Alexander Oparin

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52
Q

The idea of Primordial Soup leads up to the production and formation of _________

A

amino acid

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53
Q

amino acid > ___________ > organisms (“_________”)

A

biomolecules, organisms

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54
Q

What does Sophia do that makes it seem human?

A

speaking and facial expressions

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55
Q

Why can’t we not considered Sophia as a living organism?

A

because she can’t reproduce in terms of cell growth.

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56
Q

Name the Characteristics of Living Organisms (orderly)

A
  1. made of cells
  2. can reproduce
  3. grow and develop
  4. metabolize
  5. perform homeostasis
  6. respond to stimulus
  7. adapt through evolution
  8. move
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57
Q

cell > ______ > organ > organ system > __________

A

tissue, organism

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58
Q

cells must be __________ in forms and shapes

A

varying

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59
Q

give examples of varying

A

unicellular (e.g. amoeba) and multicellular organisms (e.g. humans)

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60
Q

tissues are ________ of cells look alike and perform the same function/goal.

A

group

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61
Q

if you combine different tissues with different functions, we call them _______.

A

organs

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62
Q

if these organs (e.g. stomach, large intestine) are connected and they perform the same function, we call it an ________________

A

organ system

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63
Q

and when these organ systems are connected to one another to perform one specific function and that function is to strive and make the organism live longer, we create an __________

A

organism

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64
Q

_____ are the building blocks of life

A

cells

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65
Q

Name the 6 Kingdoms of Cells

A
  1. Archaebacteria
  2. Eubacteria
  3. Protista
  4. Fungi
  5. Plantae
  6. Animalia
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66
Q

What kingdom does humans belong to?

A

Animalia

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67
Q

all grade 11 in PH (_______) > Grade 11 UST, ADMU, DLSU SHS (_______) > HUMSS, STEM, HA (_____)

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class

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68
Q

reproduction does not just refer to producing another organism but also refers to producing cells for _________.

A

regeneration

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69
Q

What are the two types of Reproduction?

A

Asexual and Sexual

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70
Q

Name the characteristics of Asexual

A
  • involves one parent
  • off-springs are genetically identical to parent
  • involves regular body cells
  • its quick
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71
Q

Give examples of Asexual Reproduction

A

bacteria, fragmentation, binary fission

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72
Q

Name the characteristics of Sexual

A
  • involves two parents
  • off-springs are genetically mixed
  • involves regular specialized cells (e.g. sperm and egg cells)
  • its slow
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73
Q

Give examples of Sexual Reproduction

A

humans, flowering plants and mammal

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74
Q

Why is reproduction important for living organisms?

A

Because if a particular organism stops reproduction, it will lead to extinction.

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75
Q

Whats the difference between extant and extinct?

A

Extant are organisms that are still thriving while Extinct are organisms that are not existing anymore

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76
Q

increase in all parts of the body brought by increasing tissue, cohort in cell division, cell enlargement which means GROWTH IN SIZE.

A

growth

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77
Q

it is defined as stages in an organism’s lifestyle which is accompanied by CHANGES.

A

develop

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78
Q

Give an example of development

A

from becoming in a fetal stage to growing physically, mentally, emotionally and psychologically.

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79
Q

Why does bacteria develop but doesn’t grow?

A

Bacteria grow but not significantly because their DNA is encoded as microorganisms.

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80
Q

it refers to the gathering by using the energy.

A

Metabolize

81
Q

Name the 2 types of Metabolism

A

Anabolism and Catabolism

82
Q

it builds larger molecules (GIVE AN EXAMPLE)

A

Anabolism, photosynthesis

83
Q

it breaks down molecules from bigger to smaller (GIVE AN EXAMPLE)

A

Catabolism, cellular respiration

84
Q

Why is Metabolism important?

A

it is important for nutrient uptake, processing waste elimination, digestion of materials and using these nutrients to produce energy.

85
Q

Two words for performing homeostasis

A

keeps balance

86
Q

The environment cannot be controlled. If it’s warm, it’s warm. Our body automatically responds to this ________ environment and changes and our body tries to cope up with that by keeping the balance through homeostasis.

A

external

87
Q

What does the body produce that protects as from bacteria and viruses in the blood?

A

antibodies

88
Q

these are responses that we are not capable of controlling.

A

autonomic response

89
Q

give examples of autonomic response

A

insulin level, beating of heart, digestion of small intestine, respiratory rate, urination

90
Q

these are things that in the environment that makes us react.

A

Responding to stimulus

91
Q

humans have a _____ reaction to different stimulus because we have different ______ in the body.

A

reflex, preceptors

92
Q

_______ is the ability of the organism to make an adjustment to changes in the environment over a long period of time.

A

Evolution

93
Q

give an example of evolution

A

some people have wisdom teeth and people don’t have anymore, one vestigial organ that serves as evidence that we are trying to evolve already.

94
Q

According to __________, “it is the fittest organism that survives in an environment and not the strongest. You may be the strongest, but you are not the fittest in a particular environment, you will not survive.”

A

Charles Darwin

95
Q

These are synonymous characteristics of organisms in homologous structures because they were inherited from one common ancestor.

A

Homology

96
Q

Give examples of Homology

A

limbs of human arms and limbs of bat wing

97
Q

They have almost the same features but they come from unrelated organisms.

A

Analogy

98
Q

Give examples of Analogy

A

e.g. butterfly wing and bird wing

99
Q

it is the quality or state of being motile

A

Motility/Move (the capability of movement)

100
Q

in what year and who invented the first microscope?

A

1625, galileo galilei

101
Q

What is the difference between discovered and invented?

A

Discovered is when the phenomena is already existing but you just found out.

Invented is when you’re the one who came up with that.

102
Q

Who are the three contributors to cell theory?

A

Matthias Schleiden, Theodore Schwann, Rudolf Virchow

103
Q

In ____, Matthias concluded that ________________

A

1838, all plants are made up of cells

104
Q

In ____, Theodore concluded that _____________

A

1839, all animals are made up of cells

105
Q

In _____, Rudolf concluded that ____________-

A

1855, all cells are made up of pre-existing cells

106
Q

State the 3 Statements of cell theory

A
  1. all living things are made up of cells
  2. cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism
  3. new cells arise from existing cells (emphasized by Louis Pasteur
107
Q

What is the MAIN function of the cell?

A

to produce proteins

108
Q

to produce proteins:

A
  1. structure and support
  2. growth
  3. transport
  4. energy production
  5. metabolism
109
Q

give examples of structure and support

A

melanin and keratin

110
Q

give examples of energy production

A

enzymes

111
Q

give examples of metabolism

A

our body is 70% water and 16% proteins = 86 and the 14% is the distribution of proteins to different parts of the body

112
Q

What are the 2 types of cells

A

Prokaryote and Eukaryote

113
Q

State the characteristics of prokaryote

A
  • it has no organelles
  • DNA is naked and circular
  • has ribosomes
  • has cell membrane and cytoplasm
114
Q

State the characteristic of eukaryote

A
  • it has organelles
  • DNA is bound to protein and is linear
  • has ribosomes
  • has cell membrane and cytoplasm
115
Q

What are the 3 domains of cells

A

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

116
Q

How many domain in prokaryote and kingdom?

A

2 domain and 1 kingdom each

117
Q

Name and define the 2 domain of prokaryote and their kingdom

A

archaea > archaebacteria
- archaebacteria are types of living organisms who lives in an extreme environment (e.g. extremely hot, extremely cold, extremely acidic- acidophiles and extremely salin)

bacteria > eubacteria (“true bacteria”)
- it is ubiquitous which means they are everywhere
- bacteria is already plural, bacterium is the singular form

118
Q

How many domain is present in Eukaryote and how many kingdom?

A

1 Domain and 4 kingdom under it

119
Q

Name and define the 2 domain of eukaryote and their kingdom

A

Eukarya

protista (unicellular organisms) e.g. amoeba
fungi (can be uni/multicellular organisms) e.g. mushrooms and yeast
plantae (plants)
animalia (humans are the highest the form of this kingdom)

120
Q

Name the 3 main parts of the eukaryotic cells

A

cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

121
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: cytoplasm is liquid, if false, what is the right definition of it?

A

FALSE, it is the space inside the cell where the liquid, cytosol, is present.

122
Q

it is known as the double membrane or two membrane bounded

A

organelles

123
Q

Organelles; two membranes
_________; single membrane

A

Ribosomes

124
Q

Are ribosomes organelles?

A

No, they are not organelles.

125
Q

what are the 2 structures of external cell structures?

A

flagella and cilia

126
Q

propeller like motion e.g. bacteria

A

flagella

127
Q

back and forth beating e.g. paramecium

A

cilia

128
Q

flagella and cilia are both ___________ and made up of _________

A

microtubules and made up of proteins

129
Q

Are flagella and cilia organelles?

A

No, they are not organelles.

130
Q

Name and define the types of flagellar arrangement

A

Polar/Monotrichous - single flagellum at one pole
Lophotrichous - tuft of flagella at one pole
Amphitrichous - flagella at both poles
Peritrichous - flagella all over
Amphilophotrichous - tuft of flagella at both ends

131
Q

it is a fluid mosaic model

A

Cell membrane

132
Q

cell membrane is also called _____________.

A

plasma membrane

133
Q

what does the cell membrane do?

A
  • encloses cell contents
134
Q

What does semi-permeable means?

A

it is a kind of membrane that do not allow everything to get inside or outside the cell.

135
Q

Why is cell membrane called mosaic?

A
  • cell membrane shows fluidity because it is made up of phospholipids, proteins, cholesterols
136
Q
  • flexible structure
A

cell membrane is mosaic

137
Q

We call cell membrane as phospholipid bilayer because it is made up of ___ phospholipid

A

two

138
Q

hydrophilic; water loving; _____
_________; __________; down

A

up
hydrophobic, water hating/fearing

139
Q

Phospholipid bilayer is very strict because it only allows specific things/limited type of molecules:

A
  1. uncharged molecules
  2. very small molecules
140
Q

give examples of uncharged molecules and very small molecules

A

carbon dioxide and oxygen

141
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: all cells have cell walls

A

FALSE

142
Q

Water cannot get inside the cell through phospholipid bilayer because water is _______.

A

CHARGED

143
Q

How does water enter considering that water is charged and phospholipids only allow uncharged molecules?

A

water molecules can enter because of a specific protein—aquaporin

144
Q

what is aquaporin?

A

a type of protein found in the cell membrane that allows the entry of water molecules

145
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: although cholesterol has a negative notion—molecularly speaking, it is still important in cell membranes.

A

TRUE

146
Q

what does the cell membrane do?

A

it holds the phospholipid bilayer together so if it’s exposed to the heat, it doesn’t tear apart easily.

147
Q

What happens in Diffusion?

A
  • molecules with high concentration and then sooner or later, the molecules will randomly scatter to reach equilibrium until the color of whole liquid itself is the same.
148
Q

give example of diffusion

A

solute and smell of perfume

149
Q

What are the two types of cell transport?

A

Passive and Active

150
Q

state the characteristics of passive.

A
  • the movement from high to low concentration
  • does not require an energy
151
Q

state the characteristics of active.

A
  • movement from low to high concentration
  • requires a huge amount of energy
152
Q

what cell transport is diffusion and osmosis under?

A

passive

153
Q

in active transport it is:

A

protein and energy resisted and bulk transport

154
Q

what are the two types of bulk transport

A

endocytosis
- phagocytosis, pinocytosis

exocytosis

155
Q

What does bulk mean?

A

Bulk means the mass or magnitude of something large.

156
Q

Why do we call it bulk transport?

A

Bulk transport has a special treatment because it uses cell membrane

157
Q

ENDOcytosis means _____

A

enter

158
Q

what happens in endocytosis?

A

the molecules enter the cell

159
Q

“to devour” (cell eating)

A

phagocytosis

160
Q

“to drink” (cell drinking)

A

pinocytosis

161
Q

attached to the receptor proteins and once it gets in, it will form a vesicle

A

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

162
Q

EXOcytosis means ______

A

exit

163
Q

random movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration

A

diffusion

164
Q

movement of a solvent across a semipermeable membrane toward a higher concentration of solute

A

osmosis

165
Q

to reach equilibrium, the water from the inside will get outside. the cell will plasmolyze, it will ____, which we call a ___________ solution.

A

Hypertonic, shrink, hypertonic

166
Q

the water outside is high and solvent will move inside and the cell will expand.

A

hypotonic

167
Q

both concentration are equal/equilibrium situation—no movement

A

isotonic

168
Q

Mother puts salt on fish to remove water since there is a high concentration of solute inside the environment of the fish’ cell, the water will get out.
What cell tonicity is this?

A

isotonic

169
Q

“just water”

A

osmosis

170
Q

“everything BUT water”

A

diffusion

171
Q

“assisted by protein”

A

facilitated diffusion

172
Q

molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane with assistance from membrane proteins, such as channels and carriers.

A

facilitated diffusion

173
Q

What are 3 things that the cytoplasm do?

A
  1. water and nutrients
  2. removes waste material
  3. helps in cell respiration
174
Q

Ribosomes are responsible for:

A

protein synthesis and receiving the messenger RNA sequence and translating that genetic code into a specific string of amino acids (building blocks of proteins).

175
Q

Why is the nucleus an organelle?

A

he nucleus is an organelle because it is surrounded by two membranes which we call a nuclear envelope.

176
Q

control center of the cell

A

nucleus

177
Q

stores “DNA” (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
- make cell THEORYS
- uses DNA to make LAWS

TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE but it makes cell LAWS

178
Q

what holds the DNA to Chromosomes?

A

chromatin

179
Q

Before cell division, chromatin is called _________ because it is coiled.

A

chromosomes

180
Q

mixes our RNA

A

Nucleolus (fabricator)

181
Q

mRNA (messenger RNA) produces ______

A

ribosomes

182
Q

What are the 5 things that endoplasmic reticulum or ER do?

A
  • carry materials around
  • systems of folded tube-like structures
  • folds proteins
  • transport proteins
  • site of ribosomes
183
Q

Name the 2 types of ER

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

184
Q

name the characteristics of rough ER

A
  • it looks rough because it contains ribosomes
  • flattened sheets
  • ribosomes attached
  • protein
  • a site for photosynthesis
185
Q

name the characteristics of smooth ER

A
  • tubular
  • factory - warehouse (oil)
  • enzymes > lipids
  • cell detox
  • detoxifies poison and drugs
  • stores ion
186
Q

“_______ is our shopee”

A

golgi

187
Q

protein processing and packaging
and sends product out

A

golgi apparatus

188
Q

why is golgi apparatus connected to the rough ER?

A

because what the Rough ER and Smooth ER manufactures, directly goes to golgi apparatus to package them and sends them to inside and outside of the cell through vesicles.

189
Q

is mitochondria an organelle

A

yes

190
Q

powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondria

191
Q

why is mitochondria called powerhouse of the cell?

A

because it convert sugars/glucose to energy in the form of atp or adenosine triphosphate

192
Q

________ is mitochondria’s helping hand

A

cytoplasm

193
Q

name the 3 characteristics of lysosomes?

A
  • cell digestion
  • enzyme sacks
  • cell waste > building material
194
Q

lysosomes acts as:

A

a waste disposal system, it involves secretion, plasma membrane repair, signaling and energy metabolism

195
Q

is centrosomes organelle?

A

no

196
Q

set of microtubules

A

centrosomes

197
Q

how many centrioles does the animal cell contains?

A

2

198
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: centrioles makes up centrosomes and act as anchors that microtubules attach during cell division

A

true

199
Q

define vesicles

A

phospholipid membranes and ship golgi body products

ELS (4 decks)

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